Libya: The Struggle for Survival
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Libya: The Struggle for Survival Geoff Simons
Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 978-1-349-22635-1 ISBN 978-1-349-22633-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22633-7 © Geoff Simons 1993 Foreword © Tam DalyeU 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993.
All rights reserved. For information. write: Scholarly and Reference Division, SL Martin's Press, Inc., 175 FIfth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 FU'St published in the United States of America in 1993 ISBN 978-0-312-08997-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Simons, G. L. (Geoffrey Leslie), 1939Libya: the struggle for survival I Geoff Simons. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-08997-9 1. Libya-Politics and government-1969- 2. Libya-History. 3. Libya-Foreign relations-United States. 4. United StatesForeign relations-Libya. I. Title. DT236.S58 1993 961.204'2-dc20 92-30624 CIP
What more can they do? They have imposed some kind of embargo on Libya for 15 years. They "Ave already bombed us, killed women and children. All that is left for them now is to test their nuclear weapons on Libya.
Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, 1992
Third World countries such as Libya and Pakistan could become targets of American strategic nuclear missiles under secret plans being drawn up by the Pentagon. The Sunday Times, 9 February 1992
Contents Foreword by Tam Dalyell, MP
xi
Preface
xv
Acknowledgements
xvii
Maps
xviii
Introduction
xxi
PART I LmYA IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER
1
1 Lockerbie, Libya and the West
3 3 5 7 8
Outrages Bombing Libya The Vincennes Disaster Lockerbie Investigation Gulf Wars to New World Order United States and Law Attributing Guilt Imposing Sanctions New World Order?
14
22
30 51 67
PART II THE HISTORY OF LmYA
71
2 The Libyan Past
73
Prehistory The Phoenicians The Greeks The Romans The Arabs The Turks
73
3 The Fourth Shore
92
74 75 81 84
85 92
Prelude to Invasion 1911 Invasion and Aftermath
96
vii
viii
Contents Reconquest Mtermath Second World War
102
4 From Idris to Gaddafi Towards Independence Debate and Diplomacy Constitution Independence Face of Monarchy Towards the Coup Muammar al-Gaddafi Coup Aftermath
124 124 128 134 136 137 142 152 158
5 The Oil Factor
164
Libyan Economy Beginnings The 1960s Revolution and Aftermath The Hammer Impact Political Weapon
6 Libyan Revolution Framework Politics Green Revolution Economy Democracy Religion Women Armaments
115 119
161
164
171 175 179
183 189
191 191 196
207 213 222 226 232 236
PART m TERRORISM AND THE US RESPONSE
243
7
245 245 248 262
International Ambitions Foreign Policy Arab Unity Exporting Revolution
Contents Supporting Terrorism Chad Sudan Western Sahara Philippines Irish Republican Army (IRA) Libya Today
ix
263 268 277 279 281 284 286
8 United States versus Gaddafi The US and the Third World First LibyanlUS Conflict Gaddafi and the US US Support for Gaddafi Targeting Gaddafi Reagan, Terrorism and NATO Operation EI Dorado Canyon The Continuing Campaign
292 292 296 298 304 306 314 316 328
Appendixes
330
1 Summary
