Lip Marks
Similar to the skin (ridges) and the palatal mucosa (rugae and plicae), the lips have a surface shaped by characteristic sulci (Rackowitz 1968). Because these features remain unchanged throughout life, lip marks (cheiloscopy) may identify a person as well
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Lip Marks Klaus Rötzscher and Wolfgang Pilz
Similar to the skin (ridges) and the palatal mucosa (rugae and plicae), the lips have a surface shaped by characteristic sulci (Rackowitz 1968). Because these features remain unchanged throughout life, lip marks (cheiloscopy) may identify a person as well as fingerprints (dactyloscopy) (Rackowitz 1968; Suzuki and Tsuchihashi 1970; Pilz et al. 1980; Whittaker and MacDonald 1993) (Fig. 24.1). Labyt-Leroy, Laborier, and Georget presented a comparative study in 1999; see also Figs. 24.2, 24.3, 24.4 and 24.5. Lip reliefs in model types can be classified as (modified from Suzuki 1970; Tsuchihashi and Suzuki 1970): 1. Type I: vertical furrows over the entire lip 2. Type Ia: partial vertical furrows 3. Type II: branched furrows 4. Type III: crossed furrows 5. Type IV: net-drawing 6. Type V: other patterns A complete copy of the upper and lower lips (on letters or mirror) allows not only individual identification (after Rackowitz 1968;
Fig. 24.3) but also an approximate determination of age. A fine classification and a percentile age distribution of lip pattern types was worked out by Rackowitz (1968). Pathological changes in the lip redness (benigne tumores) are not stable features, but may be significant (in addition to the lip pattern) in identifying a person, e.g., in a comparison with a photograph (Labyt-Leroy et al. 1999). Lip relief types (Rackowitz 1968) (see Fig. 24.3) are: (a) Vertical grooves (I) (b) Vertical furrows net fine (II1) (c) Vertical furrows net coarse (II2) (d) Net without wrinkles, fine (III1) (e) Net without wrinkles, coarse (III1) (f) Net with many folds (III2) (g) Net with a few wrinkles (III2) (h) Dedifferentiated with horizontal folding (IV1) (i) Dedifferentiated with irregular folding (IV1) (j) Dedifferentiated with furrows and folds poverty (IV2) Lip print marks can be conveniently photographed.
K. Rötzscher, Dr. med. Dr. med. dent. (*) German Academy of Forensic Odontostomatology (AKFOS), Wimphelingstraße 7, 67346 Speyer, Germany e-mail: [email protected] W. Pilz, Univ.-Prof. (em) Dr. med. dent. Department of Preservative and Pediatric Stomatology, Academy Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany K. Rötzscher (ed.), Forensic and Legal Dentistry, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01330-5_24, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
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K. Rötzscher and W. Pilz
318 Fig. 24.1 Types of lip reliefs (Suzuki 1970; Suzuki and Tsuchihashi 1970) I
III
IV
II
IV
1
2
3
4
a
I
5
6
1-Ligne
1-Line
2-Bifurcation
2-Bifurcation
3-Trifurcation
3-Trifurcation
4-Branche
4-Branched
5-Intersection
5-Intersected
6-Maillage
6-Reticular pattern
7-Autres formes
7-Others patterns
Fig. 24.2 Comparative studies by Georget and Laborier (1999)
I
III
II
a
II
V
I
I
I
I
I
II
a
IV
24 Lip Marks
319
a
f
b
g
c
h
d
i
e
j
Fig. 24.3 Lip relief types (Rackowitz 1968)
320 Figs. 24.4 and 24.5 One person can have different reliefs depending on the intensity of the print (Courtesy of Ch. Georget, AFIO 1999)
K. Rötzscher and
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