Lipid Droplet Metabolism Across Eukaryotes: Evidence from Yeast to Humans
- PDF / 441,545 Bytes
- 10 Pages / 612 x 792 pts (letter) Page_size
- 105 Downloads / 220 Views
EVIEWS
Lipid Droplet Metabolism Across Eukaryotes: Evidence from Yeast to Humans Jie Huanga, Xiaojia Chena, Feilong Zhanga, Margarita Lina, Guorong Lina,*, and Zhizhen Zhanga,** a
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China *email: [email protected] **email: [email protected] Received June 6, 2020 Revised October 3, 2020 Accepted October 16, 2020
Abstract—The lipid droplet (LD) is a highly dynamic organelle that maintains cellular lipid homeostasis in addition to storing energy sources. Current research suggests LDs are responsible for the transportation, storage and lipolysisdriven mobilization of lipids within cells. Here, we review the landscape of evidence for LD involvement in regulating lipid homeostasis. LD interactions with other organelles, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes (or vacuoles in yeast), and peroxisomes, highlight their importance for lipid transfer and metabolism. DOI: 10.1134/S0022093020050026 Keywords: lipid droplet, lipid body, lipolysis, lipid dropletassociated protein
INTRODUCTION For many organisms, the most efficient form of energy storage is fat. At the cellular level, the abil ity to store neutral lipids in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) is essential for cellular and organis mal survival. LDs, also termed lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are multifunctional organelle that consists of a core of neutral lipids, such as sterol esters (SE) and triacylglycerols (TAG), and a coating of a monolayer of phospho lipids decorated by LDassociated proteins that are variable with organisms and tissues [1, 2]. LDs appear to be conserved, as they are found in nearly all organisms. The organelles have been
isolated from many different organisms, including bacteria (Rhodococcus opacus and Rhodococcus ruber) [3], green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhard tii) [4], yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) [5, 6], nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) [7], insects (Drosophila melanogaster) [8, 9], plants (Arabi dopsis thaliana, Sesamum indicum L., Brassica napus) [10–12], fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella) [13], mammals such as mice, rat, macaque mon key and human cells [14–17]. LDassociated pro teins have been investigated through the proteomic analysis of LDs isolated from the aforementioned species [3–17]. LDs are highly dynamic and are controlled by a constant cycle of recruitment and disassociation
396
LIPID DROPLET METABOLISM ACROSS EUKARYOTES
397
Fig. 1. Steps in lipid droplet formation. Lipid droplets (LDs) emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Step 1: Neutral lipids are synthesized and accumulate within the ER bilayer. Beyond a certain concentration, the neutral lipids demix and coalesce into a lens. Step 2: As the lens accumulates additional neutral lipids, the bilayer deforms and a nascent LD buds into the cytoplasm. Seipins, as an important LD biogenesis factor, are recruited to the lens structure and facilitate the growth of the nascent LD. The nascent LD may remain attached to
Data Loading...
