Lipids in Fungal Biotechnology
Since most fungi are capable of degrading a wide diversity of readily available substrates, there has been much interest in their exploitation for the production of lipids. Several molds were shown to produce lipids whose fatty acid composition was simila
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CONTENTS I. 11. A.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Oleaginous Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Lipids from Various Substrates ............ 1. Substrate Composition ................ 2. Substrate Supplementation ............. 3. Importanee of the Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. Physical Faetors ...................... 5. Effeets of Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6. Age of Cultures ...................... B. Fungal Oils for Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1. Cocoa Butter Substitutes ............... 2. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ............ C. Hydroearbon Uptake by Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . .. III. Modifieation of Lipids ................... A. Manipulation of Lipid Composition ........ B. Molecular Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. IV. Fungal Lipids for Pharmaeeuticals and Special Chemicals ................... A. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B. Gamma Linolenic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. Araehidonic Acid ....................... D. Dihomo-y-Linolenic Acid ................ E. 3-Hydroxy-5,8, 11,14-Eieosatetraenoie Acid.. . . .... . ...... . . ......... . . . . . ... F. Eicosapentaenoie Acid ................... G. Doeosahexaenoie Acid ................... V. Surfaetants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A. Strueture of Fungal Biosurfaetants ......... B. Produetion of Biosurfaetants ......... . . . .. C. Manipulation of Biosurfactant Production ... VI. Fungal Lipases ......................... A. Soure es of Fungal Lipases ................ 1. Rhizopus and Mucor spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2. Aspergillus spp. ...................... 3. Penicillium spp. ...................... 4. Geotrichum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. Candida spp. and Other Yeasts .......... B. Estimation of Lipase Aetivity . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. Applieations of Fungal Lipases . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1. Synthesis ........................... 2. Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3. Cheese and Dairy Industry ............. 4. Use of Lipases for Medical Purposes . . . . .. 5. Immobilization of Lipases . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6. Use of Lipases in Organie Solvents .......
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1 Laboratoire de Myeologie/Phytopathologie/Environnement, Universite du Littoral Cote d'Opale, B.P. 699, 62228 Calais CEDEX, Franee 2 Department of Animal and Plant Scienees, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
VII. Conclusions ........................... Referenees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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I. Introduction Since most fungi are capable of degrading a wide diversity of readily available substrates, there has been much interest in their exploitation for the production of lipids. Several mo
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