Lobbying Expenditures of the Health Sector During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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J Gen Intern Med DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06085-6 © Society of General Internal Medicine 2020
INTRODUCTION
As of June 30, 2020, Congress had enacted six bills authorizing approximately $3 trillion in COVID-19 pandemic relief, representing the largest relief package in US history. The bills allocate funds to federal agencies, health care providers, COVID-19 testing, Medicaid funding, stimulus checks, unemployment benefits, and small business assistance, among other purposes.1 Prior research has found that health care organizations spend substantial financial resources on influencing legislative outcomes.2,3 In this study, we examine lobbying efforts of the health sector relative to other sectors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
On July 16, 2020, all quarterly lobbying reports and lobbying registration reports (required any time an organization hires a new lobbying firm) were obtained for the period between Q1 2018 and Q1 2020 from the Senate’s Lobbying Disclosure Database.4 Based on their primary Standard Industrial Classification Code from Compustat and hand collections for nonCompustat entities,5 organizations were categorized as health sector and non-health sectors, and the health sector organizations were further divided into 14 segments. Two authors independently categorized non-Compustat organizations and reconciled the results through consensus. A lobbying report usually includes multiple issues. If an issue description contained “corona,” or “COVID”, or mentions the six bills related to COVID-19, its lobbying amount (amount from the lobbying report divided by the number of issues reported) was identified as related to COVID-19, consistent with the lobbying literature.6 For robustness, all COVID-19-related issues that also contained variations of “Part D reform” or “surprise billing” (the two subjects commonly mentioned in Q1 2020 health-related lobbying reports) Received July 2, 2020 Accepted July 27, 2020
were excluded. COVID-19-related new lobbying registrations were identified similarly. This identification methodology conservatively estimated the lower-bound for COVID-19related lobbying efforts. The total and estimated COVID-19-specific lobbying expenditures were aggregated for each organization. The quarterly lobbying expenditures and new lobbying registrations were analyzed for health and non-health sectors. The 30 health care organizations with the highest lobbying expenditures in Q1 2020 were identified.
RESULTS
For both health and non-health sectors, lobbying expenditures and new lobbying registrations were higher in the first quarters than in other quarters from 2018 to 2020, and highest in Q1 2020. In Q1 2020, the health sector spent $248.4 million on lobbying and filed 357 new lobbying registrations, representing 22.7% of all lobbying and 22.6% of all new lobbying registrations, the highest totals and percentages among the nine consecutive quarters (Fig. 1). The health sector lobbying spending increased 10.1% in Q1 2020 while non-health sector increased only 1.2%. The health
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