Location-aware systems or location-based services: a survey with applications to CoViD-19 contact tracking
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Location-aware systems or location-based services: a survey with applications to CoViD-19 contact tracking H. R. Schmidtke1 Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract With the CoViD-19 pandemic, location awareness technologies have seen renewed interests due to the numerous contact tracking mobile application variants developed, deployed, and discussed. For some, location-aware applications are primarily a producer of geospatial Big Data required for vital geospatial analysis and visualization of the spread of the disease in a state of emergency. For others, comprehensive tracking of citizens constitutes a dangerous violation of fundamental rights. Commercial web-based location-aware applications both collect data and—through spatial analysis and connection to services—provide value to users. This value is what motivates users to share increasingly private and comprehensive data. The willingness of users to share data in return for services has been a key concern with web-based variants of the technology since the beginning. With a focus on two privacy preserving CoViD-19 contact tracking applications, this survey walks through the key steps of developing a privacy preserving context-aware application: from types of applications and business models, through architectures and privacy strategies, to representations. Keywords Location-aware systems · Context-aware systems · Attention economy · Place · Volunteered geographic information · CoViD-19 · Corona · Contact tracking
1 Introduction When GIScience emerged as an interdisciplinary effort between computer science and geography, researchers in the area discussed the connection between technical choices, geographic perspectives, and societal consequences inherent in seemingly purely technical questions, such as the choice between raster and vector formats in GIS [35]. From the recognition that a single discipline could not solve the issues satisfyingly, the research area grew over the past four decades into a field and internationally widely established subdiscipline of both computer science and geography. Location-aware systems today are in many ways in a similar situation as GIS technology was in the 1990s: certain systems exist and there is a rising number of societal concerns that require a deeper and more complete understanding, especially as the CoViD-19 pandemic urges for a quick response. Current applications both collect data and through spatial analysis and connection to services provide value to users.
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H. R. Schmidtke [email protected] 19061 Schwerin, Germany
This value is what motivates users to share increasingly larger amounts of data, to “volunteer” geographic information (VGI) [180]. All research questions of geoinformation [70] appear again in location-aware system (LAS), when seen as a crowd-sourced spatial measurement device. For instance, questions of error-analysis, as location -aware systems are measurement-based systems [51,66,68,126], or scale [69] play an important role. Consequ
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