Logical Thinking in the Pyramidal Schema of Concepts: The Logical and Mathematical Elements

This new volume on logic follows a recognizable format that deals in turn with the topics of mathematical logic, moving from concepts, via definitions and inferences, to theories and axioms. However, this fresh work offers a key innovation in its ‘pyramid

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Lutz Geldsetzer • Richard L. Schwartz

Logical Thinking in the Pyramidal Schema of Concepts: The Logical and Mathematical Elements

Lutz Geldsetzer Universitätsstr. 1 Düsseldorf, Germany

Richard L. Schwartz New York City New York, USA

ISBN 978-94-007-5300-6 ISBN 978-94-007-5301-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5301-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945628 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Photo courtesy of Frank Stiens

IN MEMORY OF Richard L. Schwartz, Ph. D., J. D. lawyer, philosopher, gentleman and a dedicated father and true friend Richard Leonhart Schwartz was killed in the tornado of New York on July 26, 2012 near his home at Cobble Hill, Brooklyn, N.Y. He was born on April 25, 1951 in San Diego, Cal., USA. Graduating from Loyola University in Los Angeles in 1973, he continued studies in Philosophy at the University of Duesseldorf,

where he got his Ph. D. in Philosophy in 1981. Successively, he enrolled at the Columbia University’s Law School and received there a J. D. After five years’ work in a New York law firm, he joined the office of the Attorney General of the State of New York where he worked during 25 years in its Anti-Trust Bure