Long-term effects of liquid swine manure on soil organic carbon and Cu/Zn levels in soil and maize
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Long-term effects of liquid swine manure on soil organic carbon and Cu/Zn levels in soil and maize E. Martı´nez . A. Maresma . A. Biau . P. Berenguer . S. Cela . F. Santiveri . A. Michelena . J. Lloveras
Received: 20 November 2019 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 / Published online: 24 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Swine feed is often supplemented with Cu and Zn, but [ 90% of the ingested metal is excreted, ultimately accumulating in soil treated with liquid swine manure (LSM) to meet nitrogen (N) requirements. A maize field experiment was conducted between 2002 and 2015 in the Ebro Valley (northeast Spain) to determine the effects of long-term LSM application at two rates [30 and 50 m3 ha-1, equivalent to * 220 (218) and * 390 (389) kg N ha-1] compared to 0 and 300 kg N ha-1 mineral fertilizer. The highest Cu concentration in plants (5.03 mg kg-1) was observed following the 300 kg N ha-1 treatment. The treatments did not affect plant Zn levels (* 21 mg kg-1). All wholeplant and grain metal concentrations were lower than threshold values for animal and human ingestion (30 mg Cu kg-1 and 500–1300 mg Zn kg-1). After 12 years, the soil organic carbon (SOC) of 13 g kg-1 in the first year (2002) increased by 19% and 26% at the low and high LSM rates, respectively. Mineral
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10093-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. Martı´nez (&) A. Maresma A. Biau P. Berenguer S. Cela F. Santiveri A. Michelena J. Lloveras Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
fertilization (300 kg N ha-1) achieved a 22% increase in SOC and also the 0 kg N ha-1 control treatment caused the SOC to rise by 11%. LSM applications do not seem to have adverse effects on maize yields after 12 years of applications. Keywords Organic fertilizer Liquid swine manure Heavy metals
Introduction The use of liquid swine manure (LSM) as fertilizer can cause nitrate leaching, phosphorus accumulation and run-off, and higher soil salinity (Dı´ez et al. 2004; Moral et al. 2008; Yagu¨e and Quı´lez 2010). However, LSM can also increase soil organic carbon (SOC) levels and introduce a wide range of nutrients to improve soil quality and crop yields. LSM is also an economical form of manure management which can reduce mineral fertilizer costs (Edmeades 2003; Sa´nchez and Gonza´lez 2005; Biau et al. 2012). However, the effect of LSM on heavy metal levels (particularly Cu and Zn) has not been studied in detail, especially in relation to continuous and long-term LSM applications (Brock et al. 2006; Berenguer et al. 2008a; Panagos et al. 2012). These metals often accumulate in maize fields when large amounts of LSM are applied (Smith et al. 1998; Eghball and Power 1999).
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Cu and Zn are often abundant in LSM because the corresponding salts are added to
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