Loss and Fractionation of Noble Gas Isotopes and Moderately Volatile Elements from Planetary Embryos and Early Venus, Ea
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Loss and Fractionation of Noble Gas Isotopes and Moderately Volatile Elements from Planetary Embryos and Early Venus, Earth and Mars Helmut Lammer1 · Manuel Scherf1 · Hiroyuki Kurokawa2 · Yuichiro Ueno3 · Christoph Burger4 · Thomas Maindl4 · Colin P. Johnstone4 · Martin Leizinger5 · Markus Benedikt5,1 · Luca Fossati1 · Kristina G. Kislyakova4,1 · Bernard Marty6 · Guillaume Avice7 · Bruce Fegley8 · Petra Odert5 Received: 4 October 2019 / Accepted: 3 June 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Here we discuss the current state of knowledge on how atmospheric escape processes can fractionate noble gas isotopes and moderately volatile rock-forming elements that populate primordial atmospheres, magma ocean related environments, and catastrophically outgassed steam atmospheres. Variations of isotopes and volatile elements in different planetary reservoirs keep information about atmospheric escape, composition and even the source of accreting material. We summarize our knowledge on atmospheric isotope ratios and discuss the latest evidence that proto-Venus and Earth captured small H2 -dominated primordial atmospheres that were lost by hydrodynamic escape during and after the disk dispersed. All relevant thermal and non-thermal atmospheric escape processes that can fractionate various isotopes and volatile elements are discussed. Erosion of early atmospheres, crust and mantle by large planetary impactors are also addressed. Further, we discuss how moderately volatile elements such as the radioactive heat producing element 40 K and other Reading Terrestrial Planet Evolution in Isotopes and Element Measurements Edited by Helmut Lammer, Bernard Marty, Aubrey L. Zerkle, Michel Blanc, Hugh O’Neill and Thorsten Kleine
B H. Lammer 1
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
2
Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
3
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
4
Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
5
Institute of Physcis/IGAM, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
6
Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Geéochemiques, UMR CNRS - Université de Lorraine, 15 Rue Notre Dame des Pauvres BP 20, 54501 Vandoeuvre-lés-Nacy, France
7
Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
8
Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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rock-forming elements such as Na can also be outgassed and lost from magma oceans that originate on large planetary embryos and accreting planets. Outgassed elements escape from planetary embryos with masses that are ≤ MMoon directly, or due to hydrodynamic drag of escaping H atoms originating from primordial- or steam atmospheres at more massive embryos
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