Machine learning can reliably identify patients at risk of overnight hospital admission following anterior cruciate liga
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Machine learning can reliably identify patients at risk of overnight hospital admission following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Yining Lu1 · Enrico Forlenza2 · Matthew R. Cohn2 · Ophelie Lavoie‑Gagne2 · Ryan R. Wilbur1 · Bryant M. Song1 · Aaron J. Krych1 · Brian Forsythe2 Received: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 October 2020 © European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy (ESSKA) 2020
Abstract Purpose Overnight admission following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has implications on clinical outcomes as well as cost benefit, yet there are few validated risk calculators for reliable identification of appropriate candidates. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a machine learning algorithm that can effectively identify patients requiring admission following elective anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review of a national surgical outcomes database was performed to identify patients who underwent elective ACL reconstruction from 2006 to 2018. Patients admitted overnight postoperatively were identified as those with length of stay of 1 or more days. Models were generated using random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), linear discriminant classifier (LDA), and adaptive boosting algorithms (AdaBoost), and an additional model was produced as a weighted ensemble of the four final algorithms. Results Overall, of the 4,709 patients included, 531 patients (11.3%) required at least one overnight stay following ACL reconstruction. The factors determined most important for identification of candidates for inpatient admission were operative time, anesthesia type, age, gender, and BMI. Smoking history, history of COPD, and history of coagulopathy were identified as less important variables. The following factors supported overnight admission: operative time > 200 min, age 53.5 years, male gender, BMI 31.2 kg/m2, positive smoking history, history of COPD and the presence of preoperative coagulopathy. The ensemble model achieved the best performance based on discrimination assessed via internal validation (AUC = 0.76), calibration, and decision curve analysis. The model was integrated into a web-based open-access application able to provide both predictions and explanations. Conclusion Modifiable risk factors identified by the model such as increased BMI, operative time, anesthesia type, and comorbidities can help clinicians optimize preoperative status to prevent costs associated with unnecessary admissions. If externally validated in independent populations, this algorithm could use these inputs to guide preoperative screening and risk stratification to identify patients requiring overnight admission for observation following ACL reconstruction. Level of evidence IV. Keywords Anterior cruciate ligament · Machine learning · ACL · ACL reconstruction
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06321-w) contains supplementary material,
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