Machine Learning Techniques for Multimedia Case Studies on Organizat

Processing multimedia content has emerged as a key area for the application of machine learning techniques, where the objectives are to provide insight into the domain from which the data is drawn, and to organize that data and improve the performance of

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Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Franz Baader Wolfgang Bibel Leonard Bolc Craig Boutilier Ron Brachman Bruce G. Buchanan Anthony Cohn Artur d’Avila Garcez Luis Fariñas del Cerro Koichi Furukawa Georg Gottlob Patrick J. Hayes James A. Hendler Anthony Jameson Nick Jennings Aravind K. Joshi Hans Kamp Martin Kay Hiroaki Kitano Robert Kowalski Sarit Kraus Maurizio Lenzerini Hector Levesque John Lloyd

Alan Mackworth Mark Maybury Tom Mitchell Johanna D. Moore Stephen H. Muggleton Bernhard Nebel Sharon Oviatt Luis Pereira Lu Ruqian Stuart Russell Erik Sandewall Luc Steels Oliviero Stock Peter Stone Gerhard Strube Katia Sycara Milind Tambe Hidehiko Tanaka Sebastian Thrun Junichi Tsujii Kurt VanLehn Andrei Voronkov Toby Walsh Bonnie Webber

Matthieu Cord · Pádraig Cunningham (Eds.)

Machine Learning Techniques for Multimedia Case Studies on Organization and Retrieval With 98 Figures and 20 Tables

Editors:

Managing Editors:

Prof. Dr. Matthieu Cord UPMC University CNRS (UMR 7606) Lab. LIP6 104 Avenue du Président, Kennedy 75016 Paris, France [email protected]

Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Department of Computer Science King’s College London Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK

Prof. Dr. Pádraig Cunningham University College Dublin Belfield School of Computer Science & Informatics Dublin 2, Ireland [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Jörg Siekmann Forschungsbereich Deduktions- und Multiagentensysteme, DFKI Stuhlsatzenweg 3, Geb. 43 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany

ISBN: 978-3-540-75170-0

e-ISBN: 978-3-540-75171-7

Cognitive Technologies ISSN: 1611-2482 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007939820 ACM Computing Classification: I.2, I.4, I.5, H.3, H.5 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: KünkelLopka, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preface

Large collections of digital multimedia data are continuously created in different fields and in many application contexts. Application domains include web searching, cultural heritage, geographic information systems, biomedicine, surveillance systems, etc. The quantity, complexity, diversity and multi-modality of these data are all exponentially growing. The main