Macro- and Micro-Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) Incorporating Industrial Waste Materials: A Rev
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Macro‑ and Micro‑Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) Incorporating Industrial Waste Materials: A Review Ashraf A. Bahraq1 · Mohammed Maslehuddin2 · Salah U. Al‑Dulaijan1 Received: 12 February 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) possessing strain-hardening behavior have been developed utilizing supplementary cementitious materials and fibers. The developed ECCs exhibit excellent performance in terms of mechanical and thermal properties and are highly durable. However, the latest trend is to use industrial waste materials (IWMs), as alkaliactivated materials, in the development of ECCs. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review on the development of sustainableECCs utilizing IWMs is presented. The formulations of binders and fibers, used in the production of ECCs, are described. The effect of mixture composition on the mechanical properties, such as compressive and tensile strength, and durability of ECCs is discussed. In addition, the importance of micromechanics modeling for producing a strain-hardened ECC is presented. Further, the engineering applications of ECCs in structural and repair fields are discussed along with suggestions for future research. Keywords Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) · Alkali-activated binders · Strain-hardened materials · Industrial waste materials · Mechanical properties · Durability characteristics
1 Introduction The environmental drawbacks of CO2 emission during the manufacture of cement are of great concern due to the limitations imposed on greenhouse gas emission [1]. In 2016, the European Cement Association (CEMBUREAU) [2] estimated that the world cement production was about 4.65 billion tons, whereas it was only 10 million tons in 1900. Generally, the cement production contributes to about 5% of the total worldwide C O2 emission [3]. As a result, many attempts were made to shift to next generation of green and environment-friendly binders. The cement-less composites are the promising green and ecofriendly materials that result in energy conservation and reduction in the C O2 emission, compared to the conventional Portland cement. * Mohammed Maslehuddin [email protected] 1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Center for Engineering Research, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
2
Over the last two decades, alkali-activated binders (AABs) are being developed to be used as a binder in place of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In principle, aluminosilicate materials, such as fly ash (FA), ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), metakaolin (MK), rice husk ash (RHA) and silica fume (SF), can be synthesized by mixing them with an alkaline solution [4]. Industrial waste materials (IWMs) containing alumino-silicate materials may also be used for this purpose. AABs exhi
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