Made by the USA The International System
Made by the U.S.A., The International System is a historical account, embedded in a set of theoretical constructs, of the two hundred year drive by the United States to first, become a global power and, second, create an international security and economi
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Made by the USA The International System
Alex Roberto Hybel
made by the usa © Alex Roberto Hybel, 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-312-23892-6 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global publishing imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-38668-0 ISBN 978-0-312-29280-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780312292805 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hybel, Alex Roberto. Made by the USA : the international system / by Alex Roberto Hybel. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-349-38668-0 1. United States—Foreign relations. 2.United States—Foreign economic relations 3. International relations. I. Title. E183.7.H94 2001 327.73—dc21 00-069224 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Westchester Book Composition First edition: April 2001 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
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To Susan Eckert Lynch
Contents
Preface
ix
Introduction: The United States and the Changing Nature of the International System
1
1. The Rise of a New International Giant
7
2. The New Giant’s First Major Blunder
45
3. The Humbling of Democracy
77
4. A New Kind of War
109
5. Exuberance Hindered
155
6. Audacious Titan
193
7. Made by the U.S.A.
237
Appendix: The Cold War Was Not a Matter of Culpability
279
Notes
281
Bibliography
321
Index
333
Preface
T
he political analyst is part storyteller, part conjecturer. He or she tries to capture a slice of political life by imposing on the story his or her own theoretical perspective. Since the United States’s conception as a state, analysts have sought to explain the development of its foreign policies by highlighting different “causes.” Some analysts have identified its strategic and/or economic interests as the dominant causal forces, others have focused on its predominant values, a third group has underscored the political struggles between the domestic organizations responsible for designing foreign policies, and a fourth group has concentrated on the psychological nature or the information-processing attributes of its leaders. Although my objectives in this book are similar to those of my predecessors, the conceptual framework I designed does not fit neatly into any of their theoretical constructs. My argument is built on the premise that the global system is constantly undergoing change, which is spawned by tensions generated by contradictory forces originating from different international and domestic sources. Despite the fact that every state in the global arena would prefer to create an international system that caters to its own interes
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