Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in psychiatry: a narrative review of its potential role in diagnosis
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REVIEW
Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in psychiatry: a narrative review of its potential role in diagnosis Piotr Podwalski1 · Krzysztof Szczygieł1 · Ernest Tyburski2 · Leszek Sagan3 · Błażej Misiak4 · Jerzy Samochowiec1 Received: 13 June 2020 / Revised: 4 October 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance. It measures the diffusion of water molecules in tissues, which can occur either without restriction (i.e., in an isotropic manner) or limited by some obstacles, such as cell membranes (i.e., in an anisotropic manner). Diffusion is most often measured in terms of, inter alia, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). DTI allows us to reconstruct, visualize, and evaluate certain qualities of white matter. To date, many studies have sought to associate various changes in the distribution of diffusion within the brain with mental diseases and disorders. A better understanding of white matter integrity disorders can help us recognize the causes of diseases, as well as help create objective methods of psychiatric diagnosis, identify biomarkers of mental illness, and improve pharmacotherapy. The aim of this work is to present the characteristics of DTI as well as current research on its use in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and other mental disorders. Keywords Diffusion tensor imaging · DTI · Fractional anisotropy · Schizophrenia · Affective disorders · Personality disorders Abbreviations AD Axial diffusivity BOLD Blood-oxygen-level-dependent BP Bipolar disorder DTI Diffusion tensor imaging FA Fractional anisotropy fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging MD Mean diffusivity MDD Major depressive disorder MRI Magnetic resonance imaging OCD Obsessive compulsive disorder PET Positron emission tomography PFC Prefrontal cortex * Piotr Podwalski [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 26 Broniewski, 71‑457 Szczecin, Poland
2
Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
3
Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
4
Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder RD Radial diffusivity SLF Superior longitudinal fasciculus SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography SSRIs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Introduction Despite their diversity in terms of psychopathological symptoms and causes (etiopathogenesis), many mental illnesses and disorders are characterized by certain common features in their clinical pictures. One of the most important and frequently studied etiopathogenetic factors are disorders of the brain’s structure and function. Knowledge about the relationships of structural and functional anomalies—in both gray matter and white matter—with psychopathological symptoms is still incomplete [1]. Th
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