Magnetism, spin dynamics, and quantum transport in two-dimensional systems
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Introduction Research on two-dimensional (2D) quantum materials (2DQMs) over the past decade has provided unique insights into condensed-matter physics, yielding a multitude of novel effects.1,2 Two-dimensional QMs, of which graphene is the prime example, include atomically thin materials with metallic, insulating, semiconducting, and magnetic behaviors, and may host intriguing topological properties.3,4 Remarkable examples of novel phenomena have been continuously reported, such as the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE) in monolayer WTe2,5 2D ferromagnetism,6 strongly correlated states in graphene-based heterostructures,7 and the observation of unconventional superconductivity in twisted graphene bilayers.8 Steady advances in 2D heterostructure fabrication techniques have yielded ultraclean samples providing a highly versatile approach to engineer materials properties. Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are a new class of artificial materials formed by a controlled assembly of different atomically thin crystals enabling the emergence of new electronic properties.1,2,7 Among them, graphene-based heterostructures
have attracted increasing attention. While having high electrical mobility, pristine graphene is a material with low spin– orbit coupling (SOC), which has precluded the observation of the QSHE9 and the control and manipulation of spin currents. Enhancement of the SOC has been realized by combining it with high SOC layered crystals such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs).10 Such SOC enhancement has been recently proved for these heterostructures,11–15 featuring a building block for electric-field control of graphene spin properties.15,16 Another paradigmatic example of novel materials are topological insulators (TIs), which are characterized by electronic edge states that are protected from backscattering by time-reversal symmetry. The properties of TIs are derived from their bulk band structure following a band inversion driven by their large SOC.4 The aim of this article is to examine recent developments for 2DQMs, with particular emphasis on their technological relevance to spin manipulation, spin–orbit–torque memories, 2D ferromagnets, and magnetic sensing.
W. Savero Torres, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; [email protected] J.F. Sierra, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; [email protected] L.A. Benítez, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] F. Bonell, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SPINTEC, France; [email protected] J.H. García, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain; [email protected] S. Roche, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC; the Barcelona Institute of
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