Main features of nucleation in model solutions of blood plasma
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Main Features of Nucleation in Model Solutions of Blood Plasma O. A. Golovanova* and A. A. Solodyankina Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, 644077 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received June 22, 2015
Abstract—The regularities of nucleation in a model solution of human blood plasma under the conditions similar to physiological have been investigated. The induction order and constants are determined. It is shown that an increase in supersaturation leads to a transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation of crystallites. The critical nucleus size is estimated for a pure model system and for a system containing a number of additives. The impurities under study are found to form the following descending sequence with respect to their effect on nucleation: alanine > glucose > glycine > citric acid > milky acid > magnesium ions. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774517020122
INTRODUCTION Researchers have always paid much attention to the crystallization of poorly soluble compounds from biological fluids [1–6], because these compounds enter the composition of pathogenic minerals causing human diseases. An example is arteriosclerosis—a disease related to deposition of calcium salts in vessels. Concerning the abundance among all sclerotic lesions of arterial vessels, arteriosclerosis is in the second place after atherosclerosis [7–11]. The percentage of pathogenic mineral formation in blood vessels and heart valves of patients has increased in the last years. The biological fluids from which these compounds are formed consist of many components, both inorganic and organic [12, 13]. The crystallization dynamics and crystallographic pattern of the structural trace of biological fluid are determined by a number of external and internal factors. Under standard examination conditions, the structural organization features depend mainly on the molecular composition and character of interaction between individual components of biological fluid. The occurrence of any new material in this fluid in pathological state leads to a change in the chemical composition and intermolecular interaction, which manifests itself in specific features of crystal structure. These molecular changes most exactly characterize the state of the internal medium of organism and may be useful for detecting a pathological process in early stages [14, 15]. The chemical composition of blood and plasma is relatively constant in the normal state. A healthy organism levels off all random fluctuations of the blood composition. A series of studies [16–19] were aimed at analyzing the change in the content of inor-
ganic components of blood plasma in pathological states. It is well known that the main inorganic phase in the pathogenic calcification of collagen and muscular tissues, as well as bone and dental ones, is calcium phosphate. This compound is considered (with a certain degree of approximation and idealization) as a carbonate-containing hydroxylapatite, which is generally weakly crystallized and nonstoichiometric because of the presence of a
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