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INTRODUCTION

WHEN one of us (BD) co-authored with Prof. Yilong Bai a book on adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in 1992,[1] the standard story of the discovery of ASBs was believed to have started with the American researchers Zener and Hollomon’s famous 1944 paper in the Journal of Applied Physics[2] where the phenomenon was first reported and named. The story then moved back to France in the 1870s to Henri Tresca’s reports on heat crosses seen in the forging of platinum alloys.[3,4] Tresca’s study was repeated in England by Massey in 1921 using steel[5] but the first photograph of the heat cross phenomenon was taken by Johnson and coworkers in 1964,[6] again using steel. A close reading of Zener and Hollomon’s 1944 paper reveals that although they used the three words ‘adiabatic,’ ‘shear,’ and ‘band’ in their paper, they did not put the three words together to form a single phrase. However, there can be no doubt that they observed ASBs, as can be seen from Figure 1, reproduced from their paper. It is a moot point whether the heat crosses reported earlier by Tresca and Massey should be called ‘adiabatic shear bands’ as the shear localization they saw is much more diffuse than that shown in Figure 1, as can be seen from the photograph of the phenomenon taken later by Johnson and co-workers (Figure 2).

BRADLEY DODD, formerly with the Institute of Shock Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2BW, UK, is now Retired. STEPHEN M. WALLEY, formerly Research Associate with the SMF Fracture and Shock Physics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK, is now Retired. Contact e-mail: [email protected] RONG YANG, Associate Researcher, is with The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China. VITALI F. NESTERENKO, Professor, is with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0403. Manuscript submitted December 3, 2014. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A

II.

THE OVERLOOKED RUSSIAN CONTRIBUTION

So the story rested, and indeed was repeated by one of us in a review paper published in 2007.[7] However, in August 2013, one of us (SMW) found a paper in the Cambridge University Library by Davidenkov and Mirolubov (of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology) entitled: ‘A special kind of upset deformation of steel: The Kravz-Tarnavskii effect.’[8] This paper is dated 1935 and was published in German in a major Soviet Journal aimed at non-Russian speakers (Technical Physics of the USSR). The editor of this journal was A. Joffe, the father of Soviet physics, and the editorial board included many other major Russian physicists of that time. Tantalizingly, the 1935 paper is sub-titled ‘The KravzTarnavskii Effect’ and as you will see from the figures reproduced from this paper (Figures 3, 4, 5), the ‘K-T Effect’ is in fact adiabatic shear banding. The authors of the 1935 paper refer to a date of 1928 for the first publication of the phenomenon by Kravz-