Mamdani Fuzzy Decision Model for GIS-Based Landslide Hazard Mapping
Small-scale Mining (SSM) has been a part of the industry of Surigao del Norte , which is potential for landslide hazards for the community particularly to small-scale miners. Designing a map and assessing landslide hazard in SSM areas are the necessity. T
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Mamdani Fuzzy Decision Model for GIS-Based Landslide Hazard Mapping Monalee A. dela Cerna and Elmer A. Maravillas
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Introduction
Natural disasters can be prevented by mitigating the destruction using information and technologies that are readily available. With the advent of technology, software is invented to map risks especially landslide risk associated with improper environmental practices. Small-scale Mining (SSM) activities are less checked or monitored, and no existing profiling and mapping of the occurrence are made. The continued investigation into the occurrence and implication of geohazards, about the mining exploration, has led to particular mitigation studies and establishing relevant prevention mechanisms. Landslides have an important role in the evolution of landscapes but also signify serious threat in many parts of the world. Recent studies show that at the onset of 20th century many casualties were reported due to rainstorms, massive floods, landslides, and earthquakes [1]. Landslides are triggered by natural causes or by human activity. One of the fundamental causes of landslides is mining [2]. As reported by IRINnews.org [3], SSM is one of the primary triggers of the landslide in the Philippines a country highly vulnerable to natural disaster. In recent years, there have been spates of mining-related accidents in Mindanao, particularly in Davao region. In 2011 to 2012, 1,124 deaths, 162 missing and 23 injured happened due to landslide brought by continuous heavy rains [2].
M.A. dela Cerna (✉) IAENG, Faculty in the Information Technology Division, Surigao State College of Technology, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines e-mail: [email protected] E.A. Maravillas Chair, Graduate School in the College of Computer Studies, Cebu Institute of Technology University, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 S.-I. Ao et al. (eds.), Transactions on Engineering Technologies, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2717-8_5
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M.A. dela Cerna and E.A. Maravillas
Moreover, similar incident happened in Surigao del Norte. An unreported incident of fatalities caused by a landslide due to SSM unregulated activities occurred. Furthermore, concerns were raised by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), Surigao Metropolitan Water District (SMWD) and the local government offices regarding persistent illegal small-scale gold mining activities in landslide-prone areas of Surigao and protected watershed areas where large deposits of gold can be found. Despite the known hazards of SSM especially due to illegal gold panning, people still can secure permits from higher authorities. Although SSM is a leading environmental and social problem in many countries, it still gained global importance. Reasons are due to being a source of subsistence and people’s means of livelihood. Poverty and limited employment opportunities in urban areas make SSM activities thrive. Researchers conducted a comprehensive field survey in areas where minerals are currently mined. It is observed
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