Mangrove Ichnology of the Bay of Bengal Coast, Eastern India

This book focuses on the world’s largest mangrove delta complex, located at Sundarban, a world heritage site, and on the relatively new and rapidly expanding scientific discipline of ichnology. In addition to presenting a range of ichnological research da

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Chirananda De

Mangrove Ichnology of the Bay of Bengal Coast, Eastern India

Springer Geology

The book series Springer Geology comprises a broad portfolio of scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in geology. The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. It covers the entire research area of geology including, but not limited to, economic geology, mineral resources, historical geology, quantitative geology, structural geology, geomorphology, paleontology, and sedimentology.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10172

Chirananda De

Mangrove Ichnology of the Bay of Bengal Coast, Eastern India

123

Chirananda De Palaeontology Division Geological Survey of India Kolkata, India

ISSN 2197-9545 ISSN 2197-9553 (electronic) Springer Geology ISBN 978-3-319-99231-0 ISBN 978-3-319-99232-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99232-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960241 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Cover Page shows various types of neoichnological features of the study areas. (All photographs taken by the author)

To my parents, my spouse Anuradha, my children Chandrav, a Microbiologist and Chandreyee, a Geologist and pioneers and contemporary workers in this field, without their encouragement, guidance, effort and contribution this book would not exist. Chirananda De

Preface

This book is all about interactions between the endobenthic (trace-making) organisms and surrounding dynamic environments that are typical of the world’s most colossal coastal mangrove ecosystem of the Sundarban Delta Complex of southe