Manipulation of landing behaviour of two whitefly species by reflective foils
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Manipulation of landing behaviour of two whitefly species by reflective foils Jan‑Uwe Niemann1 · Max Menssen2 · Hans‑Michael Poehling1 Received: 24 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Whiteflies are major pests on several vegetable and ornamental crops. Landing behaviour is strongly influenced by wavelength (nm) of reflected light from ground and surrounding vegetation. This paper deals with manipulation of whitefly landing behaviour in semi-field greenhouse experiments using background foils, either white foils with high reflection of short wavelength radiation or green foils reducing contrast between target plants and background (soil). The reactions of two different whitefly species were compared to detect possible differences between specialist (Aleyrodes proletella) and generalist (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) species. Dual-choice experiments were performed in a greenhouse using ice-lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata (T. vaporariorum) and broccoli, brassica oleracera var. Italica P (A. proletella) as model plants. The results show strong impact of the white reflective foil in controlling landing behaviour of both species, whereas the effect of the contrast-minimising foil was much lower. Light influence was stronger on generalist than on specialist species. Mechanisms behind these effects and opportunities for inclusion in an integrated pest management strategy are discussed. Keywords Contrast minimising · Manipulating insect behaviour · Integrated pest management · Wavelength specific behaviour · Colour opponent mechanism · Plant protection
Introduction Whiteflies are important pests in vegetables and ornamental plants (Byrne et al. 1990). Aleyrodes proletella L., the cabbage whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), represents this pest group specialised in Brassicaceae (in Europe). It is able to infest plants within 12 families (Mound and Halsey 1978), but in agriculture it is mostly found on Asteraceae and Brassicaceae (de Barro and Carver 1997; Martin 1999; Chen et al. 2007), with preference for broccoli, cauliflower and kale. Trialeurodes vaporariorum W., the greenhouse whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is very polyphagous and infests over 82 plant families including about 800 species (Mound and Halsey 1978). It is a serious pest in protected * Jan‑Uwe Niemann [email protected]‑hannover.de 1
Section Phytomedicine, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
Section Biostatistics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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cultivation systems in Europe but also in field crops in warmer climates. Whitefly infestation of open fields starts mostly at field edges (Horowitz and Ishaaya 1996; Collins 2016). Due to this hidden and protected lifestyle, chemical control is primarily effective using systemic insecticides; however, reports of insecticide resistance are numerous (Gorman et al. 2001, 2007; L
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