Manufacture of Portland cement from Late Miocene claystone, Injana formation, Central Iraq
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Manufacture of Portland cement from Late Miocene claystone, Injana formation, Central Iraq Salih Muhammad Awadh 1
&
Ali Mutlag Awad 1
Received: 27 October 2019 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 / Published online: 22 September 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract The aim of this research is to provide a potential reserve of claystone suitable for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) industry using clay from the geological formation instead of the recent clay currently being exploited with negatively affects the environment as they reduce the agricultural soil. For this purpose, the thick exposed bed of Late Miocene clays of Injana Formation was targeted and evaluated in terms of mineralogy and geochemistry. Many laboratory experiments resulted in the production of clinker which was also assessed and passed successfully for the OPC. The main raw materials required for cement production are limestone and clay. The over-consumption of the recent clay for OPC participated in the stimulation the use of Late Miocene claystones alternatively which are added to the raw mixture (RM) of cement at a certain ratio. The Late Miocene Injana claystones are composed of kaolinite, illite, and chlorite, quartz, calcite, feldspar, and gypsum. The raw material composed of claystones to limestones (1:3 volume) has provided a cement mixture of Silica Ratio (SR = 2.8), Alumina Ratio (AR = 1.94), Silica Saturation Factor (SSF = 0.9), Lime Saturation Factor (LSF = 90.2), and a clinker composes mainly of alite (51. 67), belite (26. 65), aluminate (9.65), and ferrite (8. 4). Among the most important conclusions of this study is the validity of the clay studied for the cement industry, and with this conclusion, this research has proven that there is a huge reserve that can be used for OPC and encourage to save the agricultural lands without extraction. Keywords Clinker . Portland cement . Injana formation . Claystone, raw material
Introduction The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is an essential binding component of the concrete, a type of hydraulic cement that can be consolidated and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction between their components and water (Kosmatka et al. 2002; Majdi et al. 2020). The OPC is typically used in the production of buildings, houses, bridges, highways, roads, pavements, and decoration features; some researches have used the OPC in different engineering purposes, for instance, Zainab et al. (2018) has used the OPC for stabilize the soft soil. The demand for cement is constantly increasing until it becomes the second consumed commodity in the world Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel * Salih Muhammad Awadh [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
(Ridi 2010). Typically, as in the almost all countries in the world, there is an increasing demand for cement in Iraq Mineralogy, geochemistry, and reserve estimation of the Euphrates limestone for Portland cement industry at AlNajaf area (Al-Dabbas et al. 2013).The availability and
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