Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
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LIPIDS (J ORDOVAS, L PARNELL, SECTION EDITORS)
Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Stine M. Ulven & Mari C. Myhrstad & Kirsten B. Holven
Published online: 27 September 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Intake of marine n-3 fatty acids has been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Gene expression analyses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are used to understand the underlying mechanisms of action of marine n-3 fatty acids. The aim of this review was to summarize the effects mediated by marine n-3 fatty acids on gene expression in PBMCs. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed in May 2014 and 14 papers were included. Targeted gene expression studies were reported in 9 papers and focused on genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Whole genome transcriptome analyses were conducted in 5 papers, and processes and pathways related to atherosclerotic plaque formation such as inflammation, oxidative stress response, cell cycle, cell adhesion, and apoptosis were modulated after fish oil supplementation. PBMC gene expression profiling has a potential to clarify further the molecular effects of fish oil consumption on human health.
Keywords Cardiovascular disease . Marine n-3 fatty acids . Dietary intervention study . Peripheral mononuclear cells . PBMCs . Inflammation . Lipid metabolism . Transcriptomics . Gene expression
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Lipids S. M. Ulven (*) : M. C. Myhrstad Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (HiOA), P.O. Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway e-mail: [email protected] K. B. Holven Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
Introduction Fish consumption reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD mortality [1, 2]. Intervention trials with fish and fish oil containing the marine n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6 n-3) have shown reduced total mortality and major coronary event including fatal and nonfatal MI [3–6]. However, recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews have shown that contradictory results exist regarding the beneficial effects of marine n-3 fatty acids on secondary prevention of coronary heart disease [7, 8]. The health beneficial effects of marine n-3 fatty acids are suggested to be mediated by reducing plasma triglycerides, reduced resting heart rate and blood pressure, and n-3 fatty acids may improve vascular function and immune response [9, 10]. Most organizations and national health councils recommend regular intake of fatty fish (1-2 servings per week of fatty fish) in order to prevent CVD. Specific dietary recommendations for the marine n-3 fatty acids are not widely established and what those levels ought to be for p
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