Mass spectrometry as a tool for studying autism spectrum disorder
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Prot A
Protein Methylation, acetylation myristoylation
Substrate
Ub
Prot B
Protein-protein interactions covalent or noncovalent, transient or stable
Post-translational modification
Ub Ub
Sugar residues
Ubiquitination
ATP
ADP Truncation kinase
Protein
P Protein Glycosylation
Disulfide-bridge
Protein
Phosphorylation
Mass spectrometry as a tool for studying autism spectrum disorder Woods et al. Woods et al. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry 2013, 1:6 http://www.jmolecularpsychiatry.com/content/1/1/6
Woods et al. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry 2013, 1:6 http://www.jmolecularpsychiatry.com/content/1/1/6
JMP
REVIEW
Open Access
Mass spectrometry as a tool for studying autism spectrum disorder Alisa G Woods1*, Armand G Ngounou Wetie1, Izabela Sokolowska1, Stefanie Russell2, Jeanne P Ryan2, Tanja Maria Michel3, Johannes Thome3,4 and Costel C Darie1 Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are increasing in incidence but have an incompletely understood etiology. Tools for uncovering clues to the cause of ASDs and means for diagnoses are valuable to the field. Mass Spectrometry (MS) has been a useful method for evaluating differences between individuals with ASDs versus matched controls. Different biological substances can be evaluated using MS, including urine, blood, saliva, and hair. This technique has been used to evaluate relatively unsupported hypotheses based on introduction of exogenous factors, such as opiate and heavy metal excretion theories of ASDs. MS has also been used to support disturbances in serotonin-related molecules, which have been more consistently observed in ASDs. Serotonergic system markers, markers for oxidative stress, cholesterol system disturbances, peptide hypo-phosphorylation and methylation have been measured using MS in ASDs, although further analyses with larger numbers of subjects are needed (as well as consideration of behavioral data). Refinements in MS and data analysis are ongoing, allowing for the possibility that future studies examining body fluids and specimens from ASD subjects could continue to yield novel insights. This review summarizes MS investigations that have been conducted to study ASD to date and provides insight into future promising applications for this technique, with focus on proteomic studies. Keywords: Mass spectrometry, Proteomics, Protein biomarkers, Autism spectrum disorder
Review Introduction
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been employed as a tool for understanding various biomedical disorders, and is more recently being used to investigate psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Although initial MS studies have focused on identifying exogenous factors, more recent investigations are being conducted to understand endogenous protein changes and to identify possible ASD biomarkers. Here we summarize how MS has been employed to understand ASDs, and we provide a perspective on the likely future of investigations of ASDs using this technique. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by social deficits, repetit
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