Massive Electric Vehicle Charging Involving Renewable Energy
In the world today, fossil fuels are the dominant energy sources for both transportation sector and electricity generation industry.
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Massive Electric Vehicle Charging Involving Renewable Energy
6.1 Introduction In the world today, fossil fuels are the dominant energy sources for both transportation sector and electricity generation industry. Statistics show that transportation and electricity generation account for over 60% of global primary energy demands [1]. The future solution for the fossil fuels scarcity, as well as the growing environmental problems associated with their wide usage, will most likely involve an extensive use of electric vehicles (EVs) and adopting renewable energy sources for electric energy production [2]. Under such cases, renewable energy supplied EV charging is becoming a popular approach for greener and more efficient energy usage. Since EVs have controllable charging rate, they can be considered as flexible loads in grid system which can benefit the grid system with demand response or load following. Accordingly, charging scheduling of EVs in the presence of renewable energy becomes a practical and important research problem. A number of technical and regulatory issues, however, have to be resolved before renewable energy supplied EV charging becomes a commonplace. The arrival of EVs and their required energy amount may appear to be random, which increases the demand-side uncertainties. In addition, while renewable energy offers a cheaper and cleaner energy supply, it imposes great challenges to the stability and safety of the charging system because of its high inter-temporal variation and limited predictability. Therefore, the stochastic characteristics of both EVs and renewable energy sources should be carefully considered. Standby generators, back-up energy suppliers, or bulk energy storage systems may be necessary to alleviate the unbalancing issue caused by renewable energy fluctuation, which results in extra cost. In order to minimize the cost for obtaining extra energy and to increase energy efficiency, a flexible and efficient EV charging mechanism has to be properly designed to dynamically coordinate the renewable energy generation and energy demands of EVs. In this chapter, we consider charging scheduling of a large number of EVs at a charging station which is equipped with renewable energy generation devices. The charging station can also obtain energy through controllable generators or buying © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 R. Wang et al., Intelligent Microgrid Management and EV Control Under Uncertainties in Smart Grid, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4250-8_6
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6 Massive Electric Vehicle Charging Involving Renewable Energy
energy from outside power grid. Stimulated by the fact that in practical scenario, EV arrival and renewable energy may not follow any determinate process yet obtaining some statistical information of future EVs’ arrivals (departures) is possible, we propose a novel two-stage EV charging mechanism to reduce the cost and efficiently utilize renewable energy. Several uncertain quantities such as the arrival and departure time of the EVs, their charging requirement
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