Material and Process Selection for Biosorption
Pollution in all the essential elements such as air, water and land is a serious environmental problem for the last few decades. Among various methods for removing pollutants from environment, adsorption is the most economic and eco-friendly method. Nowad
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Biosorbents 2.1 Physical Characteristics 2.2 Chemical Characteristics 3 Processing of Biosorbents 4 Characterization of Biosorbents 4.1 Microscopy 4.2 Spectroscopy 4.3 Surface Area and Pore Size 4.4 Thermal Stability 5 Mechanism of Biosorption 6 Modes of Operation 6.1 Batch Mode 6.2 Continuous Mode 7 Factors Influencing Biosorption 7.1 Temperature 7.2 pH 7.3 Biomass State and Concentration 7.4 Coexisting Ions 7.5 Contact Time with the Adsorbent 8 Recovery and Regeneration of Biosorbents 9 Kinetics and Models for Biosorption 10 Summary References
Abstract Pollution in all the essential elements such as air, water and land is a serious environmental problem for the last few decades. Among various methods for K. J. Samuel P N, M. R. Soosai, I. Ganesh Moorthy, and K. Sankar (*) Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: [email protected] Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.), Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management Techniques, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_507, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. J. Samuel P N et al.
removing pollutants from environment, adsorption is the most economic and eco-friendly method. Nowadays, the use of biosorption process for removal of pollutants has been increased due to its efficiency, reusability of biosorbents and low cost of operation. The rate and efficiency of biosorption depend on the selection of suitable biosorbent and the process. To select an effective biosorbent for any process, the characteristics such as porosity, surface area and other chemical natures need to be studied. This chapter describes the various types of biosorbents, treatments applied to biosorbents, techniques and methods to study the characteristics of biosorbents, mechanisms, modes of operation, recovery and regeneration of biosorbents, kinetics, and modelling studies. Microscopic techniques such as electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to reveal the surface characteristics of the biosorbents. Pore volume and surface area of the biosorbent can be determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyser. Other characteristics such as thermal stability and particle size can be measured by instruments such as thermogravimetric analyser (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and particle size analyser. The mechanisms of biosorption at various locations (intracellular, cell surface and extracellular) are also discussed in detail in this chapter. The biosorption process can be performed in a batch and continuous modes depending on the type of pollutant removed. The selection of suitable mode of operation for different pollutants is emphasized. This chapter also covers the different factors influencing the biosorption process. Keywords Biosorbents, Biosorption, Characterization techniques, Kinetics and modelling, Process selection
1 Introduction Release of various pollutants into the water resour
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