Materials requirements for improving the electron transport layer/perovskite interface of perovskite solar cells determi
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MRS Advances © 2020 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.319
Materials requirements for improving the electron transport layer/perovskite interface of perovskite solar cells determined via numerical modeling Jared D. Friedl, Ramez Hosseinian Ahangharnejhad, Adam B. Phillips, and Michael J. Heben Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, USA
ABSTRACT
Perovskite solar cells continue to garner significant attention in the field of photovoltaics. As the optoelectronic properties of the absorbers become better understood, attention has turned to more deeply understanding the contribution of charge transport layers for efficient extraction of carriers. Titanium oxide is known to be an effective electron transport layer (ETL) in planar perovskite solar cells, but it is unlikely to result in the best device performance possible. To investigate the importance of band energy alignment between the electron transport layer and perovskite, we employ numerical modeling as a function of conduction band offset between these layers, interface recombination velocity, and ETL doping levels. Our simulations offer insight into the advantages of energy band alignment and allow us to determine a range of surface recombination velocities and ETL doping densities that will allow us to identify novel high performance ETL materials.
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INTRODUCTION Since their introduction over 10 years ago, perovskites have undergone rigorous study and shown remarkable success as thin-film photovoltaic absorbers1. With efficiency of >25% recently achieved, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have now surpassed other thin-film and multicrystalline photovoltaic technologies. This is predominantly due to the favorable optoelectronic properties of the methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3 or MAPbI3) absorber. With a strong understanding of the perovskite absorbers, attention has turned to the materials used as charge transport layers (CTLs) and how their electronic properties affect the performance of PSCs. Titanium oxide (TiO 2) has become the typical electron transport layer (ETL) in these architectures, and organic 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) is the typical hole transport layer (HTL). Though successful, it is unlikely that these materials are the best option for use in PSCs, motivating the search for novel replacements. Experimentally identifying better options for the CTLs can be time consuming and expensive. Numerical simulation, on the other hand, offers a faster pathway to identify the materials properties that are critical to high performance devices, and some limited modeling studies of these interfaces with PSCs have been reported 2. It has been show
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