Maternal prenatal stress and postnatal depressive symptoms: discrepancy between mother and teacher reports of toddler ps
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Maternal prenatal stress and postnatal depressive symptoms: discrepancy between mother and teacher reports of toddler psychological problems R. Wesselhoeft1,2 · K. Davidsen1,3 · C. Sibbersen4 · H. Kyhl5 · A. Talati6 · M. S. Andersen7 · N. Bilenberg1 Received: 8 September 2019 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Maternal prenatal stress and postnatal depression are reported to increase the risk for early offspring psychological problems. We examined whether these two stressors predicted toddler emotional or behavioral problems based on the mother and teacher reports, respectively. Methods A longitudinal study within the Odense Child Cohort (OCC). Prenatal stress was assessed (gestation week 28) using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Depressive symptoms were assessed (3 months after birth) using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Behavioral and emotional problems were assessed by mothers using the preschool version of Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and by teachers using the caregiver–teacher report form (CTR-F). Results N = 1302 mother–child dyads were included. CBCL (N = 1302) was collected at 29 months (SD 5.3) and C-TRF (N = 989) at 32.6 months (SD 6.9). N = 70 mothers (5.4%) were at high risk for postnatal depression (EPDS score > 12). Generalized additive models showed that prenatal stress (increase of + 1 on PSS-10 total score) predicted an increase in CBCL (+ 0.011) and C-TRF (+ 0.015) total scores. Postnatal depressive symptoms (increase of + 1 on EPDS total score) only predicted an increase in CBCL total score (+ 0.026). Conclusion Prenatal maternal stress was a significant predictor of both mother and teacher reported toddler emotional and behavioral problems, although effect sizes were small. Postnatal depressive symptoms were associated with increased maternal (but not teacher) reporting of toddler problems. Mothers reported more toddler psychological problems than teachers, and the mother–teacher discrepancy was positively correlated to maternal postnatal depressive symptoms. Keywords Child development · Postnatal depression · Developmental epidemiology · Fetal programming · Mother-teacher disagreement
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01964-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * R. Wesselhoeft [email protected] 1
Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Institute for Clinical Research, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
2
Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
3
Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Prenatal maternal stress and anxiety is associated with offspring emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems in childhood and beyond [1–5]. Maternal stre
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