Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops
This book is a compilation of information on all basic aspects of mealybugs, as well as management strategies for mealybug species affecting different crop plants in different countries. It highlights the latest information on morphology, cytogenetics, ta
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alybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops
Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops
M. Mani • C. Shivaraju Editors
Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops
Editors M. Mani Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore, India
C. Shivaraju Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore, India
ISBN 978-81-322-2675-8 ISBN 978-81-322-2677-2 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930104 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer. com)
Dedicated to my wife Vijayarani who was involved with the work on mealybugs. She had helped me to carryout extensive surveys for mealybugs in different crops in India. She has also played a major role in finalising the draft on Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops.
Foreword
Crop protection in the present day is as important as crop production. Pests have plagued mankind from the beginning and will continue to vex the people and thwart all their endeavors to the end. Mealybugs are sap-sucking insects named for the powdery secretions covering the bodies. Mealybugs are softbodied insects covered with waxy coating. They are sessile insects. They are phloem feeders and suck the sap from all plant parts and also transmit some plant disease thus causing serious economic losses to economically important crop plants. Many of the mealybugs are arboreal and some are subterranean feeding on the roots. They are windblown, and the spreading of mealybugs is facilitated by wind. Within 2 days of hatching, they are also covered by waxy coating making them hard to get killed with chemicals. Hence they are called as “hard to kill insects”. Mealybugs mostly live in protected habitats. They ar
