Measuring adolescent forgiveness: validity of the Tendency to Forgive Scale in Chinese adolescents
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Measuring adolescent forgiveness: validity of the Tendency to Forgive Scale in Chinese adolescents Ning Jia 1 & Wei Liu 1 & Feng Kong 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Tendency to Forgive Scale is a self-reported instrument for measuring dispositional forgiveness. Although the TTF has been used in many countries, few studies systematically examined the psychometric properties of the TTF in Chinese adolescents. The purpose of this study was to verify the construct and criterion-related validity of the Tendency to Forgive Scale in Chinese adolescents and assess its measurement invariance across gender and rural-urban groups. The current sample included 501 Chinese high school students. In this study, Cronbach’s α coefficient of the TTF was 0.61. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factorial structure of the Tendency to Forgive Scale had a good model fit (χ2(2) = 2.94, p > 0.05, CFI = 0.995, SRMR = 0.018, RMSEA = 0.031, NNFI = 0.986), and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses proved that measurement invariance held across gender and rural-urban groups. Furthermore, the scale had good criterion-related validity in relation to life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect and these relationships were not modulated by gender and residence, In conclusion, these findings indicated that the Tendency to Forgive Scale would be a reliable and valid tool to assess dispositional forgiveness in Chinese adolescents. Keywords Forgiveness . Validity . Measurement invariance . Subjective well-being . Adolescents
Introduction In recent decades, forgiveness has increasingly drawn attention. The forgiveness literature has defined forgiveness as a state (i.e., state forgiveness) or a disposition (i.e., dispositional forgiveness) (Eaton et al. 2006). The former, influenced by situational factors, refers to forgiving a specific painful event (Eaton et al. 2006). And the latter refers to a stable trait-like quality, which won’t vary with contexts or time (Berry et al. 2001). In the study, we tried to validate a dispositional forgiveness instrument. Adolescence is an important period filled with physical and psychological changes, and thus researchers have begun to focus on forgiveness in adolescents (e.g., Barcaccia et al. 2019; Cabras et al. 2018; Cabras et al. 2017a, 2017b; Eaton et al. 2006). Prior research has found that higher forgiveness in adolescents is associated with higher resilience (Mary and Ning Jia and Wei Liu contributed equally to this work. * Feng Kong [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang’an Road, Xi’an 710062, China
Patra 2015), higher self-esteem (Flanagan et al. 2012), high anger Control (Barcaccia et al. 2019), better mental health (Cabras et al. 2017b; Flanagan et al. 2012; van Rensburg and Raubenheimer 2015), higher subjective well-being (Pareek and Jain 2012; Cabras et al. 2017a), lower depression (Barcaccia et al. 2018a; Barcaccia et al. 2019), and lower anger (Barcaccia et al. 2018a),
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