Mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of biomimetic hydroxyapatite-gelatin nanocomposites
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Michelle Oyenb) Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22902
Alison M. Fallgatter Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Jin-Hong Kim Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Jim Fricton Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Wei-Shou Hu Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 (Received 22 December 2005; accepted 16 August 2006)
A hydroxyapatite-gelatin nanocomposite system has been developed to resemble the composition and ultrastructure of natural bone for the application of tissue engineering. In the current study, variations in composition—content of gelatin and glutaraldehyde crosslinker—were examined in the context of mechanical properties and material biocompatibility. It was found that increasing the gelatin concentration resulted in a decreased hydroxyapatite crystal length and was associated with a slight increase in elastic modulus. Increases in gelatin and glutaraldehyde content were associated with increased material fracture toughness. Cellular biocompatibility tests, including cellular attachment and proliferation assays, were also used to assist in the process of optimizing gelatin and glutaraldehyde content. Optimized biomimetic nanocomposite materials for in vivo applications will likely be a compromise between the improved mechanical properties and decreased cytocompatibility associated with increased glutaraldehyde contents. I. INTRODUCTION
Bone loss is a frequent occurrence resulting from many causes such as injury, infection, and pathological adaptation. Its significance is particularly acute in dental and orthopedic clinical practice. Left alone, bone defects
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Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] b) This author was an editor of this journal during the review and decision stage. For the JMR policy on review and publication of manuscripts authored by editors, please refer to http:// www.mrs.org/jmr_policy DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2006.0394 3090
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 21, No. 12, Dec 2006
may progress to larger clinical problems such as compromised joint function, poor esthetics, or impaired performance of implanted prostheses. Current treatments for bony defects include autograft, allograft, xenograft, and alloplastic grafts.1,2 Autogenous grafts appear to provide an acceptable solution for bony defect repair in terms of biocompatibility and biomechanical performance.3 However, disadvantages of autograft treatment include donor site morbidity, the shortage of available tissue supplies, and less than perfect anatomic matching for the tissue being replaced. Allograft and xenograft bone replacement is limited by the body’s adverse immune response.4 To addre
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