Mechanisms underlying the wound healing and tissue regeneration properties of Chenopodium album
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Mechanisms underlying the wound healing and tissue regeneration properties of Chenopodium album Ali Said1 · Naveera Naeem2,5 · Sami Siraj3 · Taous Khan4 · Adil Javed4 · Hafiz Majid Rasheed4 · Wasim Sajjad5 · Khadim Shah5 · Fazli Wahid2 Received: 3 May 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract In the current study, aerial parts (leaves, stem and shoots) of C. album were extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical and HPLC analysis. Agar well diffusion method was used for anti-bacterial activity against Gram-negative strains Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Burn was induced through flame heated metal rod on mice. C. album ointment (2% w/w), Vaseline (vehicle) and silver sulfadiazine (standard) were topically applied thrice daily for 15 days. Wound area was measured on day 0, 5, 10 and 15. On last day, the wound tissues were excised and subjected to histopathological, quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Phenols, alkaloids, phytosterols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides were detected in phytochemical analysis. HPLC chromatogram displayed peaks for rutin, quercetin, ascorbic acid, gallic acid and various other phyto-constituents. The extract exhibited zone of inhibition in millimeter (mm) against E. coli (12.3 ± 0.57), S. typhyi (14.6 ± 1.52), Klebsiella (11.8 ± 0.76), P. aeruginosa (12.3 ± 0.57), B. cereus (12.5 ± 1.29), S. aureus (18.3 ± 2.08), and MRSA (11.8 ± 0.76). The wound area in C. album group was significantly (60%) reduced as compared to vehicle group (11%). Histological analysis showed complete re-epithelialization and fine tissue in extract treated group. qPCR data revealed up-regulation of EGF, PDGF and TGF-β1 genes in extract treated group. Similarly, immunohistochemistry results confirmed heightened EGFR expression in extract treated group. Our findings suggest that C. album can promote wound healing and tissue regeneration through control of burns related infection and modulation of growth factors and its receptors. Keywords Chenopodium album · Burn wound healing · EGF · FGF · PDGF Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02436-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fazli Wahid [email protected]‑iast.edu.pk 1
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
3
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
4
Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad 22060, P
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