Mediating Effect of Emotional and Social Competences on Interrelations Between Gender, Age and the Broad Autism Phenotyp
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mediating Effect of Emotional and Social Competences on Interrelations Between Gender, Age and the Broad Autism Phenotype Katarzyna Markiewicz1 · Bożydar L. J. Kaczmarek1 · Sara Filipiak2 Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The study aimed to identify the mediating role of emotional intelligence and social competences in the relationship between gender and broad autism phenotype (BAP) as well as between age and BAP. It comprised 85 parents of children with ASD. They completed the questionnaires of Autism-Spectrum Quotient, social competences, and emotional intelligence. The results revealed that emotional intelligence in general and its two dimensions: the ability to accept and express emotions and to empathize are important mediators of the relationship between gender and BAP. Also, social competences in general and two of their dimensions: the effectiveness of behavior in intimate situations and in social situations were significant mediators. The relationship between age and BAP could not be confirmed. Keywords Autistic traits · Parents · Gender · Age · Control of emotion
Introduction Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) may be defined as a set of subclinical autism-like traits that are observed more frequently in ASD parents and siblings than in the general population (Gerdts and Bernier 2011; Landry and Chouinard 2016; Losh et al. 2009). Individuals with BAP are socially restrained, they exhibit difficulties in social interactions and a rigidity in their behavior (such as difficulty in adjusting to environmental changes, perfectionism, and obsessively focusing on details). They also manifest language impairment, primarily in pragmatics (Pilowsky et al. 2003). Other characteristic features include hypersensitivity and anxiety as well as an aloof personality (Eshraghi et al. 2018; Loke et al. 2015). Studies relating to family history report that these specific traits and/or behaviors are more common in the relatives of * Katarzyna Markiewicz [email protected] 1
Institute of Psychology and Human Sciences, University of Economics and Innovation, Projektowa 4, 20‑209 Lublin, Poland
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Plac Litewski 5, 20‑080 Lublin, Poland
2
ASD individuals than in families with other disabilities, e.g. Down syndrome (Lainhart et al. 2002; Losh et al. 2008) or developmental language disorders (Pilowsky et al. 2003). Epidemiological data confirm that 90% of symptoms of autistic disorders occur in both siblings from monozygotic twin pregnancy. Also, studies carried out on relatives, mainly parents and siblings, for whom the diagnosis of autism has not been confirmed (in mono- and dizygotic twins, for whom autism was diagnosed only in one of the children), show the surprisingly frequent occurrence of symptoms similar to ASD (Rubenstein and Chawla 2018). The possibility of the occurrence of such symptoms as language, social or personality deficits, characteristic of autism and defined as a wider a
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