Membrane transporters: the key drivers of transport of secondary metabolites in plants
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REVIEW
Membrane transporters: the key drivers of transport of secondary metabolites in plants Umar Gani1,2 · Ram A. Vishwakarma1 · Prashant Misra1,2 Received: 1 July 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Key message This review summarizes the recent updates in the area of transporters of plant secondary metabolites, including their applied aspects in metabolic engineering of economically important secondary metabolites. Abstract Plants have evolved biosynthetic pathways to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites, which serve distinct functions, including defense against pathogens and herbivory, thereby playing a pivotal role in plant ecological interactions. These compounds often display interesting bioactivities and, therefore, have been used as repositories of natural drugs and phytoceuticals for humans. At an elevated level, plant secondary metabolites could be cytotoxic to the plant cell itself; therefore, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to sequester these compounds to prevent cytotoxicity. Many of these valuable natural compounds and their precursors are biosynthesized and accumulated at diverse subcellular locations, and few are even transported to sink organs via long-distance transport, implying the involvement of compartmentalization via intra- and intercellular transport mechanisms. The transporter proteins belonging to different families of transporters, especially ATP binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) have been implicated in membrane-mediated transport of certain plant secondary metabolites. Despite increasing reports on the characterization of transporter proteins and their genes, our knowledge about the transporters of several medicinally and economically important plant secondary metabolites is still enigmatic. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the whole route of secondary metabolite transportome, in addition to the biosynthetic pathways, will aid in systematic and targeted metabolic engineering of high-value secondary metabolites. The present review embodies a comprehensive update on the progress made in the elucidation of transporters of secondary metabolites in view of basic and applied aspects of their transport mechanism. Keywords Secondary metabolites · ABC transporter · MATE transporter · PUP transporter · NRT transporter · Vacuole
Introduction
Communicated by Neal Stewart. * Prashant Misra [email protected] Umar Gani [email protected] Ram A. Vishwakarma [email protected] 1
Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu 180001, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
2
Evolution has bestowed plants with genetic machinery to biosynthesize a structurally diverse set of small organic molecules, the secondary metabolites, which are primarily, if not limited to, meant for ecological interactions. Most of these compoun
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