Mesoporous Silica Container Particles: New Approaches and New Opportunities
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Mesoporous Silica Container Particles: New Approaches and New Opportunities O. V. Dement’eva* Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 23, 2020; revised April 30, 2020; accepted May 6, 2020
Abstract—The review analyzes the general trends of the studies devoted to the encapsulation of various functional compounds (from drugs to corrosion inhibitors) in silica mesoporous container particles (MCPs). The main focus is on discussing new approaches to creating such structures. Primarily, they are approaches that allow one to combine the stages of the synthesis of MCPs and their loading with one or several targeted substances. The data available from the literature have been used to show the advantages and promises of such one-stage approaches to solving problems relevant to providing MCPs with high content of encapsulated substances and controlling the rate of their release. DOI: 10.1134/S1061933X20050038
1. INTRODUCTION The problems related to the encapsulation of various functional compounds (primarily, those insoluble or partly soluble in water) and their controlled release into different environments are rather urgent for many practical applications, from biomedicine to the creation of protective coatings [1–3]. The use silica or organosilica particles as containers is one of the most promising routes for solving these problems. Such particles are characterized by low toxicity, while the presence of reactive hydroxyl groups on their surface makes it possible to graft different molecules (including biologically active ones) onto them. Moreover, in the course of the sol–gel synthesis, various active components (dye molecules, quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, etc.) can be incorporated into the silica matrix. This allows us to speak about the creation multifunctional structures that are of interest for the theranostics of dangerous diseases [4, 5]. Targeted compounds (TCs) may be loaded into silica container particles both during their synthesis and post factum. In the first case, the used approaches are based on the incorporation of TCs into silica matrices due to their physical “capture” [6, 7] or chemical reaction [8, 9], as well as on the synthesis of SiO2 in (micro)emulsions [1, 10]. In the second case, TCs are loaded into mesoporous container particles (MCPs) obtained with the use of surfactant micelles as templates. [2, 4, 5, 11–15]. In our opinion the last approach deserves the greatest attention, because, in addition to the advantages inherent in all SiO2 containers, MCPs possess a num-
ber of other valuable properties. First, they have an ordered system of pores with very narrow size distribution and a large specific surface area. The pore diameter may be varied in a rather wide range, thereby making it possible to use MCPs for delivering different TCs (including high-molecular ones). Moreover, the processes of sorption and desorption of a loaded compound can be controlled by modifying the int
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