Metabolism of prostate cancer by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
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REVIEW
Metabolism of prostate cancer by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) Uma Sharma 1 & Naranamangalam R. Jagannathan 2,3,4 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 # International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Understanding the metabolism of prostate cancer (PCa) is important for developing better diagnostic approaches and also for exploring new therapeutic targets. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques have been shown to be useful in the detection and quantification of metabolites. PCa illustrates metabolic phenotype, showing lower levels of citrate (Cit), a key metabolite of oxidative phosphorylation and alteration in several metabolic pathways to sustain tumor growth. Recently, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) studies have documented high rates of glycolysis (Warburg phenomenon) in PCa. High-throughput metabolic profiling strategies using MRS on variety of samples including intact tissues, biofluids like prostatic fluid, seminal fluid, blood plasma/sera, and urine have also played a vital role in understanding the abnormal metabolic activity of PCa patients. The enhanced analytical potential of these techniques in the detection and quantification of a large number of metabolites provides an in-depth understanding of metabolic rewiring associated with the tumorigenesis. Metabolomics analysis offers dual advantages of identification of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers as well as in understanding the altered metabolic pathways which can be targeted for inhibiting the cancer progression. This review briefly describes the potential applications of in vivo 1H MRS, high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy (HRMAS) and in vitro MRS methods in understanding the metabolic changes of PCa and its usefulness in the management of PCa patients. Keywords Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) . In vivo . In vitro MRS . HRMAS . Prostate cancer . Biomarker
Introduction It is now well recognized that knowledge of cancer metabolism is essential to understand the process of carcinogenesis and development of therapeutic strategies. Cancer cells modify their metabolism to support continuous supply of various
* Uma Sharma [email protected] * Naranamangalam R. Jagannathan [email protected] 1
Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
2
Department of Radiology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Kelambakkam, TN 603103, India
3
Department of Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
substrates for biosynthesis of membranes, genetic materials, and proteins required for their rapid proliferation. Prostate cancer (PCa) is a frequently diagnosed malignancy in elderly men worldwide (Greenlee et al. 2001). The prognosis of PCa varies among individu
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