Metal toxicity and natural antidotes: prevention is better than cure
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Metal toxicity and natural antidotes: prevention is better than cure Chetan Rajak 1 & Neelu Singh 2 & Poonam Parashar 1,2 Received: 18 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Toxicity due to heavy metals (HM), specifically mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) remains a challenge to scientists till date. This review gives insights into natural antidotes for the management and prevention of HM toxicity. Various databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct were searched for available facts on natural antidotes and their commercial products against HM toxicity till date. Toxicity owing to such metals needs prevention rather than therapy. Natural antidotes, fruits and vegetables, rich in antioxidant are the answers to such toxicities. Synthetic chelators impart a major drawback of removing essential metals required for normal body function, along with the toxic one. Natural antioxidants are bestowed with scavenging and chelation properties and can be alternative for synthetic chelating agents. Natural compounds are abundantly available, economic, and have minimal side effects when compared with classical chelators. Prevention is better than cure and thus adding plentiful vegetables and fruits to our diet can combat HM toxicity-related illness. Keywords Antioxidants . Chelators . Flavonoids . Oxidative stress . Toxicity
Introduction The presence of certain metals such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in our body is a prerequisite for normal functioning of cell at chemical, biological, and molecular levels. A significant increase of metals beyond certain concentration in cell or tissue may stimulate initiation of several toxicities. Nevertheless, metal toxicity has been found involved in a wide group of disease either directly or indirectly, leads to abnormal physiology of human body system. HM are ubiquitous in nature and holds atomic weight and density considerably higher than water (Kaur et al. 2009). Their presence remains in the environment and living system interact with them in one way or another, consequentially causing permanent physical, cerebral, and behavioral Responsible Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Poonam Parashar [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near CRPF Base Camp, Ahmadpur urf Kamlapur, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP 226025, India
damages (Sears 2013). The symptoms that appear in patient with metal toxicity are complex and are difficult to differentiate with that of other diseases due to similarity in appearance and existence (Chandrasekaran et al. 2014). Symptoms develop slowly from acute to chronic phase as accumulation of these metals proceeds. There are nearly more than 20 HM in atmosphere but as per U.S a
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