Method to assess biomass in scrap tires: Spanish cement sector as a case study
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Method to assess biomass in scrap tires: Spanish cement sector as a case study Pedro Mora1 · Arturo Alarcón2 · Sandra Tercero1 · Bernardo Llamas1 Received: 8 January 2019 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The objective of the study is to develop a methodology to assess natural rubber content in scrap tires. Sampling and statistical methodology have been implemented in order to define an undifferentiated tire which is independent of brand tires or light or heavy tires. Sampling preparation, thermogravimetry analysis and statistical methodology have been implemented, and the method was validated using calibrated samples. It allows to establish a simple methodology to determine the fraction of biomass in the alternative fuel under study. According to the results achieved, the proposed methodology would be used in facilities which use scrap tires as fuel. This research simplifies the determination of biomass content in scrap tires in a specific region or country, and it could be a reference to be consulted by stakeholders. Keywords Cement industry · Tires derived fuel · Renewable energy · Waste-to-energy List of symbols a Participation coefficients in the market: light vehicles DBscale The uncertainty of the scale NR Natural rubber SBR Styrene–butadiene rubber
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1066 8-020-00980-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bernardo Llamas [email protected] Pedro Mora [email protected] Arturo Alarcón [email protected] Sandra Tercero [email protected] 1
High School of Mining and Energy Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Alenza Street, n 4, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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Spanish Institute of Cement and Its Applications (IECA), C/José Abascal, 53, 1º, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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NCV Net calorific value OXF Oxidation factor EF Emission factor XA Light car tire mass kg in biomass XC Heavy car tire mass kg in biomass μA Light car mass mean μC Heavy car mass mean 𝜎A2 Light car variance 𝜎C2 Heavy car variance 2 Variability due to all sources of dispersion 𝜎AO 𝜎r2 The variance of the repetitiveness nA Car sample size nC Truck sample size nE Number of repetitions/determinations NL Light car proportion/total tires NP Heavy car proportion/total tires Vc Variable trial costs AD Activity data Xund Undifferentiated tire mass kg in biomass uund The uncertainty of the calculation of the biomass of the undifferentiated tire UDA/max Maximum uncertainty (1 − a) Participation coefficients in the market: heavy vehicles
1 Introduction The number of vehicles worldwide is continuously increasing as a result of a transport requirements, and it generated a big amount of scrap tires which should be reused or recycled. Recycled plastic composes no hurtful emissions while it is being manufactured or while it is being used by the consumer. Plastic spills no toxic chemicals into the water or soil and recyc
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