Methylation of Inflammatory Cells in Lung Diseases
This chapter overviews roles of DNA methylation in inflammatory cell biology with the focuses on lymphocytes and macrophages/monocytes in lung diseases, although the molecular mechanisms by which target genes are methylated and regulated in lung diseases
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Methylation of Inflammatory Cells in Lung Diseases Yifei Liu, Hongzhi Gao, Xiangdong Wang, and Yiming Zeng
Abstract
This chapter overviews roles of DNA methylation in inflammatory cell biology with the focuses on lymphocytes and macrophages/ monocytes in lung diseases, although the molecular mechanisms by which target genes are methylated and regulated in lung diseases remain unclear. Most of epigenetic studies on DNA methylation of target genes in lung diseases mainly demonstrated the correlation of DNA methylation of target genes with the levels of other corresponding factors, with the specificity of clinical phenomes, and with the severity of lung diseases. There is an urgent need to identify and validate the specificity and regulatory mechanisms of inflammatory cell epigenetics in depth. The epigenetic heterogeneity among different subsets of T cells and among promoters or non-promoters Yifei Liu and Hongzhi Gao contributed equally to this work. Y. Liu · H. Gao Clinical Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China X. Wang Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] Y. Zeng (*) 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
of target genes should be furthermore clarified in acute or chronic lung diseases and cancers. The hyper/hypo-methylation and modifications of chromosol and extrachromosomal DNA may result in alternations in proteins within inflammatory cells, which can be identified as disease-specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Keywords
Inflammatory cells · Lung disease · Epigenetics · DNA methylation
5.1
Introduction
The disorders of the immune system are regulated by heredity and environment, such as tumors, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. Epigenetics provide new insights for understanding of tumor and autoimmune diseases and lung diseases. Epigenetic alterations contribute to the development of inflammation and immune disorders, and to the instability of phenotypic inheritance and cell differentiation [1]. Epigenetics mainly includes DNA methylation to regulate transcription and expression of target genes, genomic imprinting, and chromatin remodeling (e.g., post-transcriptional regulation, such as non-coding RNA, microRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, and riboswitch RNAs), and post-translational modifications of proteins (e.g.,
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 B. Yu et al. (eds.), Single-cell Sequencing and Methylation, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1255, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4494-1_5
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methylation and acetylation of histones, other modifications of histones, and covalent modifications of non-histones). DNA methylation refers to the process to transfer from the methyl group of S-adenosine methionine to the cytosine of CpG island into 5-methylpyrimidine under DNA methyltransferase [2]. The methylation of cytosine after DNA replication changes the conformation of DNA to avoid
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