Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels
This Brief provides a concise review of the potential use of microalgae for biofuel production. The following topics are highlighted: the advantages of microalgae over conventional biofuel-producing crops; technological processes for energy production usi
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Luisa Gouveia
Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels
123
Dr. Luisa Gouveia Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia Unidade de Bioenergia Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Edifício G 1649-038 Lisboa Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 2191-5385
e-ISSN 2191-5393
ISBN 978-3-642-17996-9
e-ISBN 978-3-642-17997-6
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17997-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Ó Luisa Gouveia 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Berlin/Figueres Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Microalgae and Biofuels Production. . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Algal Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Processing of Whole Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Direct Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Microalgal Biomass Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Hybrid Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Algal Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CO2 Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Microalgal Biomass Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Gravity Sedimentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Centrifugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Autoflocculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Chemical Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Combined Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Filtration and Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 Flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 Electrolytic Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Cell Disruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Bead Mill Homogenizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Freeze Fracturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Ultrasonic Disintegrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Production Rates, Production and Processing Costs 9 Life Cycle Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Modelling Appr
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