Microclimate in an urban park and its influencing factors: a case study of Tiantan Park in Beijing, China
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Microclimate in an urban park and its influencing factors: a case study of Tiantan Park in Beijing, China Yilun Li 1,2 & Shuxin Fan 1,2 & Kun Li 1,2 & Yue Zhang 1,2 & Li Dong 1,2 Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Construction of urban green spaces may effectively mitigate urban heat island effect. Better design of green spaces may improve their thermal performance, and therefore provide better ecosystem services in cities. Aiming at providing empirical evidence and further insights for urban park design, field measurement of air temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (Rh) was conducted in Tiantan Park in Beijing, China. Results show that within Tiantan park, 1.29–2.71 °C air temperature difference and 1.27–5.16% relative humidity difference were observed at different time. Among all parameters, radiation condition (β = 0.872; β = 0.723) and land cover composition (β = 0.601) are dominant influencing factor on daytime and nighttime Ta respectively. Among different vegetation types, deciduous trees have significant cooling and humidifying effects at noon in summer (ρ = −0.65); evergreen trees have little effects in summer, but a humidifying effect in winter (ρ = −0.58); grassland may give rise to daytime Ta in both summer and winter (ρ = 0.48; ρ = 0.52). Effects of the shape of different vegetation types remain unclear, while more compact imperious surfaces may lead to lower daytime Ta (ρ = 0.55; ρ = 0.67). Understanding such microclimate conditions in an urban park may assist designers to create a more thermally friendly environment in future. Keywords Urban green space . Thermal environment . Air temperature . Relative humidity . The Temple of heaven
Introduction Human activities have induced global climate change. By 2017, compared with pre-industrial period, the world has experienced a 0.8–1.2 °C temperature increase (Allen et al. 2018). Global warming leads to loss of biodiversity, extreme meteorological events etc., which are all potential threats to human beings (Costello et al. 2009; Patz et al. 2005). Cities with dense population and strong human activities are facing even more challenges. Although cities account for only 2% of global area, more than 50% of world population reside in cities (UN 2019), and it is estimated that 20–40% world population have experienced a temperature increase greater than 1.5 °C (Allen et al. 2018). A large number of man-made constructions have changed the thermal properties of underlying surfaces, caused poor ventilation and released a large number * Li Dong [email protected] 1
School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
2
Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing, China
of anthropogenic heats, resulting in significantly higher air temperature (Ta) in cities than in rural areas, which is commonly known as urban heat island (UHI) effect (Oke et al. 1989). Urban greening has long been proved as an effective way to regulate thermal envir
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