Microcontroller-Based Clip Force Reading System for Brain Aneurysms
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Microcontroller‑Based Clip Force Reading System for Brain Aneurysms Uğurhan Kutbay1 Received: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 © Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering 2020
Abstract Purpose An aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge on an artery wall. Aneurysms can rupture easily, potentially causing a cerebral hemorrhage. To prevent this, a small clip is surgically installed. Importantly, if the clip is opened repeatedly during the operation, the clip closing force may change. Sometimes, the closing force of the clip cannot be accurately predicted during the operation. The main objectives of the present study were to prevent re-bleeding and to accurately measure the force of the clip for reducing the duration of the procedure. Methods A well-designed aneurysm clip microforce sensing system was developed in this study. The Brain Aneurysm Clip Force Reading System allows the clip force in the surgical operation to be measured by using an S-type load cell. The system has a simple structure that includes a clip force sensor and a liquid–crystal display screen. The main contribution of the study is a small, low-cost printed circuit board design that can be used in surgery. Results The proposed system was verified with 12 differently shaped aneurysm clips, and the results were analyzed. For the obtained and measured values, the mean squared error and maximum variance were 1.53 and 6.76 g2, respectively. Conclusion The results indicated that the proposed system can be used in surgical operations. Because the developed system informs doctors of the correct clip force, it can save lives in operations. Keywords Brain aneurysm · Clipping · Clip force sensing · Embedded system · Load cell · Strain gauge
1 Introduction A vessel wall may lose its integrity for an unknown reason, and the expansion of the vessel results in an aneurysm. When the vessel diameter increases in a certain region, the vessel wall loses strength and starts to tear [1]. A subarachnoid hemorrhage usually begins when aneurysms rupture. Additionally, brain tumors may be a major cause of hemorrhages [2]. Currently, there are three main treatment methods for patients diagnosed with an aneurysm: observation and nonsurgical treatment, stenting and coiling with endovascular treatment, and surgical treatment and closure of the aneurysm via clipping [3]. Clipping, which is defined as an opensurgical treatment, is applied to patients and this can be still an attempt at the gold standard [4].
* Uğurhan Kutbay [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Clipping involves an invasive surgical intervention for closing the aneurysm. The aneurysm is usually closed with a small metal clip made of a Ti (Ti6Al4V) or Co-Cr alloy. Ti clips are preferable because they are more efficient with regard to the usage of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) area [5]. Generally, permanent Ti6Al4V clips are more resistant than other biocompatible materials to 3-T MRI, according to the Amer
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