Microorganisms as Sanitary State Bioindicators of Flowing Waters in Poland
The article presents changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of indicator bacteria in three Polish rivers – Vistula, Oder, and Łyna River – in the last 30 years. The analyzed rivers are situated in the catchment area of the Baltic Sea, and
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ontents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Sampling Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Water Sampling Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Microbiological Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Bacterial Indicators of Water Quality (TCB, FCB, and FEB) in the Vistula River . . 3.2 Counts of Fecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB) and E. coli in the Oder River . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Counts of Indicator Bacteria (TCB, FCB, and FEB) in the Łyna River . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract The article presents changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of indicator bacteria in three Polish rivers – Vistula, Oder, and Łyna River – in the last 30 years. The analyzed rivers are situated in the catchment area of the Baltic Sea, and they play important economic, tourist and environmental roles. The sanitary and bacteriological status of these ecosystems was determined based on the counts of total coliform bacteria (TCB), fecal coliform bacteria (FCB), fecal enterococci bacteria (FEB), and Escherichia coli. The study involved a review of the literature and the reports published by Polish inspectorates of environmental protection. Water samples collected from all rivers in urban areas were characterized by the highest TCB, FCB, FEB, and E. coli counts throughout the analyzed period. High contamination levels contributed to epidemiological risks in rivers, in particular in the proximity of discharge points of treated effluents. As a result, most of the analyzed water samples were graded as purity class III and/or as non-class (polluted beyond permissible standards) waters. Since 2003, Polish laws have been harmonized with I. Gołaś (*) · A. Gotkowska-Płachta · J. A. Potorski Depart
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