Microstructural and Mechanical Evolution of a Low Carbon Steel by Friction Stir Processing
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PLAIN or low carbon steels have gained a great interest in many industries like ship building, automotive construction, and oil and gas operational systems because of low cost and high performance such as good toughness, high corrosion resistance, and good welding properties.[1] However, their mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, and fatigue resistance are relatively low due to their low carbon content in annealed conditions. The main advantage of such steel is that their microstructural and mechanical properties can easily be improved by heat treatment, plastic deformation, and grain refinement techniques without alloying
DURSUN MURAT SEKBAN is with the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey. SEMIH MAHMUT AKTARER is with the Department of Automotive Technology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53020 Rize, Turkey. HAO ZHANG, PENG XUE and ZONGYI MA are with the Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110000, China. GENCAGA PURCEK is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey, and also with the Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted January 11, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
or changing their chemical compositions. Among them, microstructural modification by grain refinement is becoming one of the main essential strengthening mechanisms due to the recently developed novel processing techniques that are capable of enhancing strength and fatigue resistance of metallic materials with adequate toughness behavior.[2] Many viable grain refinement techniques have been proposed so far. The techniques based on severe plastic deformation (SPD) seem to be the most suitable ones because of their high capability of grain refinement.[3,4] Among SPD methods, equal-channel angular extrusion/pressing (ECAE/P), high pressure torsion (HPT), accumulative roll bonding (ARB), and friction stir processing (FSP) are well known ones.[5] The FSP is the best one among others considering the processing of large-scale plate or sheet type of materials.[6] Regarding FSP, many regular and review papers have been published till now, and more detailed information can be obtained in literature.[7–10] Shortly, FSP is a novel microstructural modification technique developed based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW) method.[11] In FSP, a non-consumable rotating tool with a shoulder and pin is inserted into a metal plate or sheet and traverses through a direction of interest. The heat generated by friction between rotating tool and metal surface locally softens the volume to be processed. The stir zone (SZ) is constituted generally by
dynamically recrystallized (DRX) fine grains due to localized SPD.[7] As a result of grain refinement by FSP, the properties of metallic materials such as strength, fatigue, and wear resistance can
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