Microstructure and mechanical properties of free and restrained dried paper: a comprehensive investigation
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Microstructure and mechanical properties of free and restrained dried paper: a comprehensive investigation Georg Ursto¨ger . Artem Kulachenko . Robert Schennach . Ulrich Hirn
Received: 28 February 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The influence of strain during drying is known to have a large effect on its mechanical properties like tensile strength, Young’s modulus and hygroexpansion. In this study we investigate free and restrained dried paper and investigate the relation between the paper microstructure and its mechanical properties. The first part of the work investigates the development of the mechanical properties as well as paper internal stresses and strains (elastic-, inelasticand hygrostrain) at different moisture contents during the drying process. Emphasis is put on the changes of hygrostrains and the paper hygroexpansion coefficient
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03367-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. G. Ursto¨ger U. Hirn (&) Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria e-mail: [email protected]
during drying. One main finding was that in constrained drying the drying stresses are considerably below the yield stress and, as a consequence, the deformations are mainly inelastic (creep) and only marginally elastic. In the second part we are analyzing the microstructure of free and restrained dried sheets by X-ray microtomography (l-CT). From the l-CT analysis relevant network parameters such as number of contact points, fiber bond area, free fiber length and fiber curl were extracted. Also a novel method to investigate the interface angle of the fibers in the vicinity of the bond sites was established. The results showed that the major difference from the drying procedure manifests itself in the out-of-plane curl of the fibers. Statistically number of contact points, bond area and in-plane curl were not different whereas inplane curl and free fiber length were different. The interface angle appears to be slightly affected by the drying procedure but is overall very low. Keywords Drying Mechanics Microstructure Paper Microtomography Interface angle
G. Ursto¨ger A. Kulachenko R. Schennach U. Hirn CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria A. Kulachenko Department of Engineering Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden R. Schennach Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Graz, Petersgasse 16/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
Introduction Depending on whether the paper is dried freely or under constraint, the resulting product shows very dissimilar mechanical properties, even at the same
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density. In particular, the elastic properties, strength, strain-to-failure and hygroexpansion coefficients depend on the paper strain during drying. Ma¨kela¨ (2009) The
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