Microsurgical gonadal-inferior epigastric vein anastomosis to treat the nutcracker phenomenon with left gonadal vein var
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UROLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER
Microsurgical gonadal‑inferior epigastric vein anastomosis to treat the nutcracker phenomenon with left gonadal vein varices with reflux Yu‑tao Li1 · Qi Yang2 · Jun‑cheng Yao1 · Qun Lv1 · Si‑qiao Liu3 · Ke Dou3 Received: 22 February 2020 / Accepted: 16 April 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of microsurgical gonadal-inferior epigastric vein anastomosis for the treatment of the nutcracker phenomenon (NCP) associated with left gonadal vein varices with reflux. Methods Thirty-five patients with NCP associated with left gonadal vein varices with reflux diagnosed in our hospital from June 2016 to June 2018 were included. All patients underwent a shunt operation consisting of microsurgical gonadal-inferior epigastric vein anastomosis, and the patients were followed up for 1 year. Results All patients were successfully operated on, with an average operation time of 96.5 ± 12.3 min. After a 1-year follow-up, the symptom of gross hematuria disappeared in 3 patients (including 1 woman). For the other 32 patients, the sperm concentration (27.43 ± 8.68 × 106/ml) and motility (33.06 ± 4.27%) postoperatively were significantly higher than that preoperatively (16.21 ± 6.43 × 106/ml and 23.48 ± 4.43%, respectively) (P 3 mmHg (normal condition
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