Microwave sintering of fine grained MgP and Mg substitutes with amorphous tricalcium phosphate: Structural, and mechanic
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Yufu Ren Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
Sarit B. Bhaduri Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA; and Department of Surgery (Dentistry), University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA (Received 24 April 2015; accepted 12 February 2016)
This paper, for the first time, reports the results of microwave sintering of two emerging biomaterials, magnesium phosphate and amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate. Beneficial aspects of successful microwave sintering of calcium phosphate are well documented in the literature. The motivation for this work derives from the absence of any publication of similar nature on magnesium phosphates, which are becoming important with the rapid rise in interest in biodegradable Mg-alloys. Starting off with amorphous calcium magnesium phosphate and magnesium phosphate, the resulting microwave sintered product is a biphasic mixture of whitlockite substituted with magnesium and magnesium phosphate. The influence of the extent of Mg substitution on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and sintering behavior of tricalcium phosphate was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of Mg (up to the 50% wt/wt in relation to Ca mass) in the precursor compound of magnesium calcium phosphate improved the kinetics of the densification process and enhanced hardness values.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fine grained bioceramics, and more specifically btricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) or whitlockite substituted with magnesium (TCMP), as biocompatible and bioresorbabale materials1 are becoming important in biomaterial research.2,3 Their properties can be further improved by synthesizing powders with optimal characteristics as well as accelerated sintering.2 The broad focus of this paper is on microwave sintering of calcium magnesium phosphate compounds. Calcium phosphates are well established in orthopedic applications. An important motivation for widespread research and development is their similarity to the bone mineral. From an historical viewpoint, an important step toward proving their utility into biomedical applications is performing research in characterizing dense products. Over the last several decades, calcium phosphates have been used in many different forms such as coatings and self-setting cements. With the advent of nanotechnology, there is an enhanced need
Contributing Editor: Adrian B. Mann a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.84 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 31, No. 8, Apr 28, 2016
for well-characterized materials with well-defined micro/ nanostructures. Finally, calcium phosphates are encountered in many applications with different monovalent, divalent, trivalent dopants/substitutions.4 To get a clear understanding of the behavior of these materials, it is important to produce highly dense sintered materials as benchmarks. All of the aforementioned considerations led to the recent pub
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