Military, State and Society in Pakistan
This book offers a comprehensive study of the dynamics of civil-military relations in Pakistan. It asks how and why the Pakistan military has acquired such a salience in the polity and how it continues to influence decision-making on foreign and security
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Also by Hasan-Askari Rizvi PAKISTAN AND THE GEOSTRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT: A Study of Foreign Policy THE MILITARY AND POLITICS IN PAKISTAN INTERNAL STRIFE AND EXTERNAL INTERVENTION: India’s Role in the Civil War in East Pakistan (Bangladesh)
Military, State and Society in Pakistan Hasan-Askari Rizvi
First published in Great Britain 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-42002-5 DOI 10.1057/9780230599048
ISBN 978-0-230-59904-8 (eBook)
First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-23193-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rizvi, Hasan Askari, 1945– Military, state, and society in Pakistan / Hasan-Askari Rizvi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-23193-4 (cloth) 1. Civil–military relations—Pakistan. 2. Pakistan—Politics and government. 3. Pakistan—Armed Forces—Political activity. I. Title. JQ629.A38 C5865 2000 322'.5'095491—dc21 99–055831
© Hasan-Askari Rizvi 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-79388-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 09
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Contents List of Tables
viii
Abbreviations
ix
Preface
xii
Prologue: the October 1999 Coup
xiv
1
Introduction The Ascendancy of the Military Military Regimes Military Disengagement and Civilianization of Military Rule Post-withdrawal Military, State and Society
1 3 8 10 12
2
Civil±Military Interaction The State and the Political Process The Military Expansion of the Role of the Military (i) The Societal Factors (ii) Internal Dynamics of the Military (iii) Transactions across the Boundaries between the Civil and the Military (iv) The International Dimension The Military Regime Military Withdrawal
17 18 20 21 22 23
3
The Heritage The Foundations The Recruitment Policy Civil±Military Relations The Military and Imperial Rule Indianization of the Commissioned Ranks The Military and Politics Division of the Military
34 34 37 40 42 46 49 5
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