Mineral status and mechanical properties of cancellous bone exposed to hydrogen peroxide for various time periods
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Mineral status and mechanical properties of cancellous bone exposed to hydrogen peroxide for various time periods Dan Li • Long Bi • Guolin Meng • Jun Wang Rong Lv • Min Liu • Jian Liu • Yunyu Hu
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Received: 30 March 2009 / Accepted: 22 September 2009 / Published online: 7 October 2009 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
Abstract Processed cancellous bone has been regarded as one alternative for the treatment of bone defects. In order to avoid immunogenic effects and preserve the natural properties of the bone, the optimal processing method should be determined. To observe the influence of hydrogen peroxide on the mineral status and mechanical properties of cancellous bone for various time periods and find the optimal processing time. Cancellous bone granules from bovine femur condyles were treated with 30% hydrogen dioxide for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h separately. The microstructure and mineral content of the granules were evaluated by ash analysis, Micro-CT, scanning electron micrograph and energy dispersive X-ray. The biomechanical properties were analyzed by applying cranial-caudal compression in a materials testing machine. With increasing exposure to hydrogen peroxide, the BMD and BMC of granules gradually decreased, and the Ca/P molar ratios clearly increased (P \ 0.05). Meanwhile, the mineral content of the granules increased from 48.5 ± 1.3 to 79.5 ± 2.1%. Substantial decreases in the strength of the granules were observed, and after 48 h severe decreases were noted. The decrease in strength was also evident after
normalizing the parameters to the cross-sectional area. Granules of bovine cancellous bone matrix should be processed by hydrogen peroxide for 12 to 36 h to fulfill the basic requirements of a bone tissue engineering scaffold. These granules could potentially be useful during orthopedic operations. Keywords Cancellous bone Hydrogen peroxide Micro-CT Mechanical property Tissue engineering Abbreviations SEM Scanning electron micrograph EDS Energy dispersive X-ray BMD Bone mineral density BMC Bone mineral content BV/TV Bone volume fraction Tb. Th Trabecular thickness Tb. SP Trabecular separation DA Direction anisotropy WW Wet weight DW Dry weight AW Ash weight
Introduction D. Li (&) L. Bi G. Meng J. Wang R. Lv M. Liu J. Liu Y. Hu Institute of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected]
Autologous bone harvested from the iliac crest is commonly used as a grafting material for the treatment of osseous lesions and defects (Van Heest and Swiontkowski 1999; Dehghani et al. 2008). There
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are, however, problems due to morbidity at the harvesting site and the limited availability of suitable bone (Urabe et al. 2007; Kretlow 2007). Various substitutes, including bone allografts or xenografts, ceramics, polymers, and some metals, have been employed as alternatives to autologous bone (Khan et al. 2008; Hak 2007). The ideal alternative to an autograft, conside
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