Mineralogy, Fluid inclusions and stable isotopes study constraints on genesis of sulfide ore mineral, Qaladiza area Qand
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Mineralogy, Fluid inclusions and stable isotopes study constraints on genesis of sulfide ore mineral, Qaladiza area Qandil Series, Iraqi Kurdistan Region Tola A. Mirza 1 & Saman Gh. Rashid 2 Received: 23 December 2017 / Accepted: 15 March 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract The metalized quartz veins is located 5 km west of the Iraqi-Iran border in the Qandil range. The quartz veins included sulfide and oxide ore minerals which mostly occur in the form of open-space filling texture. The polymetallic mesothermal quartz veins are hosted by marble and phyllite rocks. Within these veins, multiphase, open-space filling and crustiform, bedding to massive textures with pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite,galena, sphalerite, tenorite, azurite, and malachite are observed. Selected samples were analyzed by using ore microscopy and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ore minerals show replacement textures. The paragenesis diagram was made from a careful study of polished sections and three stages have been identified including pre-stage mineralization, mineralization, and post-mineralization stages. Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis of 15 primary inclusions of quartz veins indicated that ore mineralization at the studied area were formed by a mesothermal, low to medium density, and dilute NaCl-type fluid system. The source of the fluid is mostly metamorphic which became mixed with other fluids later. Hydrothermal fluids of the selected studied area were classified into two groups based on microthermometry study; the first group had a higher homogenization temperature (335.5 to 386.8 °C) than the second group (194.1 to 298.5 °C), with a small difference in salinity between them. Nearly each group has different complexes including chloride and sulfide complexes respectively. The results of stable sulfur isotope of the ore minerals (chalcopyrite and sphalerite) confirmed the sedimentary and/or metamorphic origin of the ore mineralization. Keywords Metallized quartz veins . Mesothermal . Hydrothermal fluids . Stable isotope
Introduction The modern science of fluid inclusion geochemistry grew principally out of a new work on hydrothermal ore deposits more than 40 years ago (Roedder 1958). Mineral deposits are extraordinary anomalies in the Earth that provide us with perhaps the clearest evidence for the past flow of solutions through faults, fractures, and porous rocks that, in the process, dissolved, transported, and concentrated elements of economic interest. Looking at fluid inclusions trapped within
* Tola A. Mirza [email protected] 1
College of Science, Geology Department, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
2
Geological Survey and Mineral Investigation of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
hydrothermal veins was recognized as a direct way of saying much more than had previously been possible about the physicochemical condition during mineralization and the processes by which mineral deposits were formed (Wilkinson 2001). I
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