Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring, macroscopically homogeneous components of the Earth and other celestial bodies (Moon, meteorites, terrestrial planet of our and other solar systems) with a definite but not necessarily fixed chemical composition.
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Mineralogy An Introduction to Minerals, Rocks, and Mineral Deposits
Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
The Springer Textbooks series publishes a broad portfolio of textbooks on Earth Sciences, Geography and Environmental Science. Springer textbooks provide comprehensive introductions as well as in-depth knowledge for advanced studies. A clear, reader-friendly layout and features such as end-of-chapter summaries, work examples, exercises, and glossaries help the reader to access the subject. Springer textbooks are essential for students, researchers and applied scientists. More information about this series at 7 http://www.springer.com/series/15201
Martin Okrusch Hartwig E. Frimmel
Mineralogy An Introduction to Minerals, Rocks, and Mineral Deposits
Martin Okrusch Institute of Geography and Geology University of Würzburg Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
Hartwig E. Frimmel Institute of Geography and Geology University of Würzburg Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany Department of Geological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch, South Africa
ISSN 2510-1307 ISSN 2510-1315 (electronic) Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment ISBN 978-3-662-57314-3 ISBN 978-3-662-57316-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57316-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018945875 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover photograph: Azurite crystals, partly replaced by malachite, Tsumeb mine, Namibia; width of view ca. 3 cm; collection H.E. Frimmel, photo: K.-P. Kelber. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany
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Preface Thirty-five years ago Siegfried Matthes, chair of mineralogy at the University of